Role of a Paramedic Practitioner-.com

Question: Does the organization of subcutaneous infusions of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) forestall Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients? Answer: Presentation The job of a paramedic professional in a clinical setting is an important one that involves sufficient information and down to earth abilities. Ceaseless expert improvement is fundamental for this gathering of experts to address the advancing patterns of human services administrations. The essential technique to improve aptitudes and information is to do essential examination that tends to any clinical concern. Through such examination one can pick up bits of knowledge into a clinical theme that has drawn the consideration of professionals and analysts with the point of improving patient results (Bledsoe et al., 2016). The current paper is on a proposed research on the subject of counteraction of Venous thromboembolism in clinical settings. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been shown as a significant and antagonistic inconvenience emerging in clinical settings among grown-up patients that this gathering of experts is to address (Agnelli et al. 2013). Low atomic Weight Heparin (LMWH) are anticoagulant particles that are utilized in clinical practice to address diverse patient complexities (Szummer et al., 2015). The connection among LMWH and VTE has been the subject of enthusiasm at present. The examination is proposed in such manner that depends on standards of exploration study techniques. The noteworthiness of the investigation, research question, study structure and philosophy are examined in subtleties in the accompanying areas. Foundation Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the malady including both pneumonic embolism (PE) and Deep vein apoplexy (DVT) that is deadly and influences hospitalized just as nonhospitalised patients. The ailment is progressively regular in hospitalized patients and repeats oftentimes. It prompts long haul confusions, for example, post-thrombotic disorder and interminable thromboembolic aspiratory hypertension (Heit et al., 2016). As opined by Grosse et al., (2016) VTE is most normal cardiovascular sickness after stroke and intense coronary disorder. Schulman et al., (2017) clarified the pathophysiology behind VTE. Venous thrombi are comprised of red platelets, leucocytes and platelets that are seen as present in bound condition by fibrin. Such thrombi are framed in the areas inside the body where harm has been endured to the vessels. Thrombi may be staying in the fringe veins or may be embolisingto the aspiratory supply routes. In fringe region it experiences recanalisation after endogenous fibr inolysis. Hazard factors for VTE incorporate medical procedure related components, injury and patient-related variables. A portion of the essential patient-related variables incorporate thrombophilia, stoutness, respiratory disappointment and heart disappointment. A portion of different components that expansion the danger of VTE incorporate break of the femur, blood transfusion, injury to the spinal line and stun endured because of admission to emergency clinic. Low atomic weight heparin (LMWH) is a classification of anticoagulant drugs are being utilized generally for forestalling blood clusters. Heparin is a polysaccharide happening normally that is equipped for hindering coagulation, the procedure prompting apoplexy. Since organization of heparin should be possible subcutaneously, it grants treatment of patient conditions identified with various conditions (Laubli et al., 2016). One case of LMWH is Enoxaparin that goes about as an anticoagulant and exploration is proceeding to comprehend the relevance of this atom against different illnesses. The particle demonstrations by authoritative to the antithrombin for shaping an intricate atom. This particle at that point demonstrations by irreversibly inactivating thickening element Xa. Enoxaparin can be utilized into unfractionated species with lesser loads by depolymerisation in the body (Rodger et every one of the., 2016). A rich pool of examination has featured the adequacy of low sub-atomic weight heparins (LMWH) in tending to clinical entanglements. There has been a developing measure important to call attention to and comprehend the conditions that can be forestalled with the appropriate organization of LMWH. One such region has been Venous thromboembolism the draws consideration at present. Clinicians have considered intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) as the standard treatment for VTE. Despite the fact that the adequacy of this treatment has been built up across considers, the viability of such heparin as a preventive medicine for VTE has not been given a lot of unmistakable quality. With the rise of LMWH, its viability and wellbeing has been over and over contrasted with that of UFH. Proclamation of the issue Regardless of whether Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) when managed as subcutaneous infusions forestalls Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients is the concerned examination issue in the current case. The proposed examination is along these lines dependent on this specific circumstance and advances a PICO question to pick up bits of knowledge into this exploration point. The PICO research question that would be tended to in the proposed investigation is as per the following: Does the organization of subcutaneous infusions of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) forestall Venous Thrombo-embolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients? The subtleties of the PICO components are as per the following- Populace: Hospitalized grown-up patients Intercession: Use of low atomic weight heparin, Enoxaparin Examination: No treatment Result: Reduced rate of VTE Criticalness of exploration Despite the fact that there has an impressive exploration to comprehend the connection between organization of heparins and patient difficulties in a social insurance setting, there is an absence of appropriate examinations that build up the connection among heparins and VTE. After an investigation of the current examination articles, it very well may be expressed that there has been no particular examination that has contemplated whether heparin of low atomic weight can forestall VTE. Since VTE is a genuine worry in the clinical space, the chance of LMWH to go about as a preventive operator for the equivalent is to be abused ideally. The proposed research has been thought of against this foundation that would prevalently convey forward exploration toward this path. The point of the proposed investigation is to complete an assessment of organization of LMWH in grown-up hospitalized patients for forestalling Venous Thrombo-embolism. Based on the exploration and further examinations in this line, changes can be realized in the clinical rules for anticipation of VTE in clinical settings. The examination would, thusly, go about as noteworthy one that would change the course of preventive consideration gave by medical attendants to patients admitted to emergency clinics for forestalling unfavorable results. Whenever discovered viable, LMWH can be considered as a genuine restorative development made in the drawn out avoidance of VTE. Approach Panneerselvam (2014) featured that approach of any examination is a vital measurement that decides the adequacy of the investigation. The technique goes about as the methodical arrangement for completing examination which can be either quantitative or subjective. The proposed examination would be a forthcoming, nonblinded, dynamic, randomized, controlled preliminary in any clinical setting where around 1000 surgeries are completed in a year. As opined by Miles, P and Fisher (2016) a randomized controlled preliminary is the type of logical test that has the point of decreasing predisposition while testing another type of treatment. In such an investigation, members are assigned to the treatment gathering or the fake treatment bunch as a control in an arbitrary way. The intention is that randomisation wipes out odds of choice predisposition and licenses the specialists to comprehend the effect of the treatment when contrasted with no treatment with steady factors. The technique is prof oundly dependable and goes about as the most thorough logical proof in the chain of command of proof (Panneerselvam, 2014). A nonblinded study is the one wherein the scientists know about the treatment that will be given to the members. What's more, the members are likewise mindful of the treatment that is given to them (Hulbk et al., 2016). Planned investigations are those which watches for results during the examination, relating them to any factor that is considered for the investigation (Parkin et al., 2017). Study Design Members Understanding information would be gathered for physical assessment, clinical history, blood inspecting and duplex assessment. Patients over the age of 18 and beneath the age of 80 years would be considered for the investigation. The patients would additionally required to experience medical procedure. The hazard evaluation model for the examination to require the task of every patient to a complete hazard factor score. This coud be then ordered into low, moderate, high and most elevated scores. Subjects would be seen as having low, high and higher hazard for VTE would be prohibited from the investigation. Patients will be barred from the examination in the event that they are seen as dying. Other rejection rules would incorporate critical liver malady, requirement for anticoagulation treatment, pregnancy and breastfeeding, utilization of fibrinolytic treatment and utilization of HIV protease inhibitors. Factual estimation would be accomplished for choosing the example size with an e quivalent number of male and female members. The investigation members would be separated into two gatherings. In the primary gathering, members would be given Enoxaparin, a regularly utilized LMWH, subcutaneously once day by day for ten days. The members would be considered for postoperative thromboprophylaxis comprising of pressure stockings and early activation. For the subsequent gathering, no Enoxaparin would be regulated; this gathering would go about as the benchmark group. Every member would be randomized to the single treatment with the assistance of haphazardly permuted squares. Preoperative assessment Sexual orientation, age and clinical comorbidities of the patient, for example, renal inadequacy, diabetes, congestive coronary illness, dynamic danger, the ceaseless aspiratory malady would be gone into a specific database. Presenc

English Essay Example

English Paper Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are not Enough In the article, The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough Fausto-Sterling cases that our way of life isn't right to place individuals into classes as either male or female. Fausto-Sterling guaranteed that there are really five genders and maybe much more. She characterizes the genders as male, female, bisexuals (herms), male pseudo-bisexuals (merms) and female pseudo-bisexuals (ferms). It has given a few experiences that demonstrate assorted variety to be a component that is given in social orders yet is in incredible stand out from the usually acknowledged thought that there are to be sure just two genders that are available in the general public. The decent variety is appeared to originate from the hereditary cosmetics of the people along with the earth which they live in. As the general public turns out to be progressively full grown and hereditary make-ups produce a lot of genders, assorted variety comes to fruition in for the individuals inside it to have a more promine nt feeling of mindfulness. In the article, it is unmistakably indicated that it is the general public and the standards that are related with it which directs what is ordinary. There are sure ideas that are regularly acknowledged with regards to how one should act, live, and carry on and any deviation from the standard would be considered in negative terms. To a limited degree, there is a limit that is shaped that limits who is acknowledged and who isn't. As a general rule, the qualities that come in more noteworthy recurrence or that which is viewed as the attributes of the lion's share are the ones which are marked as would be expected. Certainly, the article has furnished a few bits of knowledge with respect to the five genders that are available in the general public. The occurring of these distinctive genders is because of the hereditary cosmetics and the confounded reasons that are related with the regular sciences concerning how there are the alleged ferms, herms, and merms. Be that as it may, there is an incredible job that the general public plays in view of the standards, qualities, and convictions that they make over what is typical and what isn't. There are specific arrangements of impediments that are given and this makes the circumstance increasingly confounded for the bisexuals. If I somehow managed to test somebody on the article, my inquiry would be: 1) What are the three classes for intersexes that Fausto-Sterling proposes and how are they characterized Answer is: herms, merms, and ferms. Herms are the individuals who have one testis and one ovary, merms in the other hand are the individuals who have testicles and a few parts of the female genitalia however without any ovaries. Ferms are the individuals who have ovaries and a few parts of the male genitalia however need testicles.

Hes Making A List and Checking It Twice

He’s Making A List and Checking It Twice So four years ago, I began a year-long journey to start seeing what 12 years of public school education could do for me. I started applying to college. I kind of went about it in a semi-orderly fashion, but I do think that during the whole process with all the brochures Id requested and discarded essays, I may have killed a tree. Ill plant one when I graduate. This is my promise. So similar to the list of parameters I have when it comes to my ideal mate, I had a pretty hefty list of things to consider when I applied to college. And so the list begins: Please keep in mind that these were the things that I found that were important, and that you may think that these things are of little importance, and thats great. Also, feel free to comment with other things you find important. 1. Scholastic This was the most important option in my case. Id worked very hard like many of you, and wanted to continue my education at a place where I was going to be stimulated and driven to learn more. Some sample questions that I considered: What kind of majors are available? What is the graduation rate? How hard are the classes? How reputable are the professors? What type of research opportunities exist? How serious do students take their work? 2. Location Im a coast kind of guy. I lived in the Midwest, but I was definitely not applying to any school in Texas because I wanted out. I really wanted to be in an area where there was a lot to do outside of just being at school. Sample questions I asked: How do people get around? (Car, bike, public transportation?) Does the city cater to college students? Are there other college students around? What is the weather like? 3. Extracurriculars What can I do when I want a break? While academics were of utmost importance to me, I still wanted to be able to take a break and do some things for fun. Sample questions I asked: What types of activities are available? What are the time commitments? 4. Living Communal showers are not my thing, and neither are having extra rodent roommates. To a degree, housing and living options were important to me as well. I did not want to live on a campus where housing was not guaranteed after my freshman year, and I also did not want to live on a campus where there was freshman only dorms just because I felt that defeated the purpose of a social aspect of college. Other amenities werent really important to me, but some things did sweeten the pot. Sample questions I asked: Dorms: Single sex or coed? How far are the dorms from campus? Do people hang out with each other or is it more of an isolationist feel? Noise level? 5. Miscellaneous There were just a lot of things that I discovered I did not like once I began visiting schools, and there were also things that I discovered were really important to me once I saw that they actually existed. I would tend to believe from my experience that visits really seal the deal. I found with most campuses that I visited, I either loved it or hated it. There was no real grey area, but then I had a lot of friends who lived in the grey area all of senior year not knowing what they wanted. And one last thing, if you ever visit a college campus ASK QUESTIONS AND PLAY HARDBALL. Ask current students anything, and youll be able to get a good idea of what the campus is like and what the people are like. Be careful of token responses, and if they give you an ambiguous response, ask for further clarification. This is a four year investment; be smart. So I think that thats it; I actually dont think Ive recycled the brochures I got in the mail way back when, but I will when I graduate from MIT. I promise. Make sure you leave comments with any questions you have.

Informative Speech About Dreams - 1186 Words

I. Do you remember what your last dream was about? What do you think it meant? How relevant was it to your personal life? These are the questions I ask myself when I wake up from a strange dream with particular people and situations in them. II. My probing questions of do my dreams serve a purpose in my personal life? Are my dreams signs of things I should do differently in my daily life? have led me to explore the functions of dreams. III. While researching this topic, I have discovered that I am not the only one who is skeptical about the purposes of dreams. In fact, it is one of behavioral sciences’ greatest unanswered questions. IV. Today, I will discuss what dreams are, when they occur, and the theories about dreams. Body I.†¦show more content†¦4. Stage four consists of a very deep sleep, rhythmic breathing, limited muscle activity, and brain produces additional delta waves. 5. The final stage is known as Rapid Eye Movement, or REM, it makes up 20 to 25 percent of sleep. The REM stage is a time when the body processes information, creates memories, and increases depleted chemicals, such as serotonin. 6. REM is the stage in which dreams mainly occur. Dreams themselves usually last between a few seconds to 30 minutes in length. 7. On average, people dream about four to six times per night, with adults dreaming about 2 hours for every eight hours sleep, taking up to 20% time of sleeping. TRANSITION Now that I have explained what dreams are and when they take place during the sleeping cycle, let’s examine the theories behind the purpose of dreams occur and their relationship with the waking life. III. From ancient times to today’s studies, dreams remain one of psychology’s most enduring mysteries. Over the past few centuries there have been theories derived from the dream processes. A. Sigmund Freud and Wish-fulfillment theory 1. He believed that dreams revealed a person’s unconscious desires, thoughts, and motivations and acted as a form wish-fulfillment. 2. For that reason, their aim was to correct the imbalances in one’s personality traits, resolve conflicts that troubled one’s life, and overcome frustrations. 3. However, dreams deemed to be questionable, such asShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech793 Words   |  4 PagesA List of Informative Speech Topics: Pick Only Awesome Ideas! Just when you thing youre way past through the question How to write an essay?, another one comes. Thats the thing students desperately Google like What is a informative speech? – and, believe experts, this is something youll definitely need some professional help in. Informative speaking is a speech on completely new issue. Tell your audience something they have never known! Now that you know the answer to the question â€Å"WhatRead MoreTheme Of Martin Luther King And Obamas Speech1405 Words   |  6 Pages The Progressive Theme of Martin Luther King’s and Obama’s Speeches President Obama’s victory speech and Martine Luther King’s speech are two of the most famous discourses that everybody is discussing today, which they delivered 50 years apart. Both are representation of racial progression, which starts from the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement to the election of the first black president in the American history. Both speeches are a symbol of hope and a new start of the upcoming changesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Dream A Motivational Video 878 Words   |  4 Pagestitled, â€Å"Dream: Motivational Video,† because of the boldness it projected to the audience. The speech is approximately six minutes and was published on July 2, 2013. It provides the audience with a background on how they should make their dreams realistic. Although obstacles will get in our way when trying to fulfill dreams—the purpose is to separate from negativity and dream big. Even though the fear of failure overtakes our mind, we cannot allow the fear to detour us from living out our dream. FinallyRead MoreDream Interpretation Informative Speech Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesName: Holly McCallen SPCH 2010-103 Informative Speech Date: TITLE: Dream Interpretation Type of Informative Speech: Speech Design: Categorical I. Introduction A. Attention Material: â€Å"Dreams feel weird while we are in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something was actually strange (Inception, the movie).† Have you ever been curious about what your dreams actually mean? B. Credibility material: There have been many times in my life where I have eitherRead MoreInformative Speech about Barbie Dolls Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Kaitlyn Wyman Informative Speech Outline Objective: I will give an informative speech about the history of Mattell’s Barbie Doll.    I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: a. Girls, this is a question for you. How many of you have had Barbie dolls growing up? (Have time to answer) b. Well, believe it or not, our beloved Barbie dolls have a whole lot of history behind them. B. Tie to the audience: a. I think we, as girls, can all vouch that Barbie dolls were all the rage and so muchRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1598 Words   |  7 PagesSamantha Audiffred Honors Comm 110 Marieke Spiegelhoff Informative Speech Outline 25 February 2015 Audience Analysis ( ½ page)   Ã‚  Ã‚   The target audience for the informative speech is the honors communication 110 class and the professor. The class makeup is eight males and twelve females for the 20 students. This is a required course for all students attending UW-Whitewater; therefore, the majors and interests of the students will vary greatly. After an activity polling the class, the most popular ofRead MorePublic Speaking Is Not Only An Art1416 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"God, that all-powerful Creator of nature and Architect of the world, has impressed man with no character so proper to distinguish him from other animals, as by the faculty of speech.† –Quintilian (DeCaro) Public speaking is not only an art, but it’s an art that has been learned with the help of practice and philosophy throughout history. Greek philosopher Aristotle discovered that in order to assemble the citizens into conformity, one must persuade the people, which is what he called rhetoric.(Read MoreRhetorical Analysis of Ballot or the Bullet Sppech by Malcolm X1359 Words   |  6 PagesAs one of the most proficient civil rights activist of the 1960s, Malcolm X and his speeches were very influential but particularly one speech was highly esteemed, that being the Ballot or the Bullet speech. A speech that was given after the I have A Dream speech by Dr. Martin Luther King. Despite, Dr. Martin Luther King being a pacifist and also a civil rights activist as well; Malcolm X was more tyrannical and advocated the use of violence. During this era, the democrats were in control of theRead MoreHistory Of High Heels And How Is Has Evolved Today871 Words   |  4 PagesKayla Nunez Comm 11 Informative Speech-Outline Title: History of high heels. General purpose : To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the history of high heels and how is has evolved today. Central Idea: Over centuries high heels has emerged and served as markers of gender, class and ethnicity. Introduction: Attention getter: To be carried by shoes, winged by them. To wear dreams on one s feet is to begin to give reality to one s dreams.-Roger Vivier Reason to listen :Read MoreSpeech Analysis : National Rifle Association Annual Meeting1442 Words   |  6 Pages Speech Analysis Assignment National Rifles Association Annual Meeting In the video I watched the National Rifles Association (NRA) President Jim Porter addresses the crowd at the April 11th 2015 NRA Members’ meeting, in Nashville, Tennessee. Porter was elected as first vice president of the NRA Board of Directors. He had previously served as second vice president and president of the NRA Foundation Board of Trustees. As the outgoing NRA President, Porter discusses his pride in the organization

The Code of Professional Conduct for Auditors - 1516 Words

All organizations have a code of conduct, whether they have established them or not. This code creates a set of expectations and builds a framework to guide their members in all actions and operations. The code of professional conduct for auditors is one of extreme importance. The six main principals include the following: responsibilities, the public interest, professional due care, objectivity and indepdence, integrity, and the scope and nature of services. The manner in which an auditor performs and incorporates these six principals in his or her duties has a great effect on how they are viewed by clients, colleagues, and society, and any discovered disloyal actions results in costly punishments. Section 52 of the code of conduct, created by AICPA, states that the auditor must carry out their responsibilities as professionals. Although this seems like a simple and straightforward requirement, one would be quite surprised to learn how some auditors have interpreted this while performing audits. One case involves the nutrition company Herbalife and former KPMG audit partner Scott London. Scott London, an auditor of 30 years, leaked insider trading information to a friend, Bryan Shaw, who was in need of financial help. Shaw was able to use Londons confidential information to earn over 1 million dollars. He thought he was helping a friend, but in the end he put his career, reputation and life at stake. Recently, London was sentenced to prison for fourteenShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Professional Conduct885 Words   |  4 PagesWeaknesses Conflictions in the Professional Code The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, regardless of its numerous strengths, the Code of Professional Conduct has some serious weaknesses. The accounting profession is constantly changing and making improvements. The first weakness in the Code of Professional Conduct deals with conflictions within the code due to the code being constantly updated (Dienhart, 1995). Dienhart, Lunday, and Tavani have all criticized professional codes because the directivesRead MoreThe Case Of Cardillo Travel Systems Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesSituations arise that cause companies to conduct or record fraudulent transactions to deceive the stakeholders or in the case of Cardillo Travel Systems, meet court orders. Cardillo Travel Systems, ranked as the fourth largest company in the travel agency industry, was founded in 1935 and purchased by A. Walter Rognlien in 1956. After being acquired by Rognlien, annual revenue increased steadily but expenses were increasing at a more rapid rate. By 1985, Cardillo was involved in a lawsuit and a courtRead MoreAicpa Code Of Professional Conduct1589 Words   |  7 PagesAICPA Code of Professional Conduct: AICPA’s Principles on Ethics Abstract Life is all about making decisions. Every day we are faced with situations that lead us to making decisions. At times those decisions might be wrong, sometimes right. When facing a dilemma it’s easy to make a decision, but it’s even more difficult to make a right and ethical decision. Any person can make a decision, but they won’t always make the right decision. Decision making gets tougher when it comes to making the rightRead MoreWhy Ethics Are Important to Auditors1355 Words   |  6 PagesCompany Auditor. In financial accounting, an audit is categorized by the self-governing evaluation of the justice by which a companys financial statements are presented and prepared by and to its supervisor. This task is largely performed by the trained, experienced, self-governed and intent persons, known as accountants or auditors. Auditors are on the whole very informed with every characteristic of auditing and they in turn matter a report known as auditor’s report. Since, the auditor acquireRead MoreAccounting and Ethical Practices727 Words   |  3 Pagesfuture. (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 2013) B Identify and discuss at least four ethical implications of those acts by Gilbert that were in violation of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. The case, is illustrating how failing to reveal the loan on the property is a violation of the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. The most notable include: not acting in the interests of the public, utilizing integrity, maintaining objectivity / independence and due care. In this situation, GilbertRead MoreStandard Issues: Aicpa993 Words   |  4 Pagescreated a code of professional conduct that all certified public accountants must follow. This code of conduct lists the responsibilities CPAs have when working with a company s financial information. The AICPA also includes information regarding the integrity, objectivity, independence and due care that CPAs must use when working in the accounting industry. 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The authors emphasize the role of the AICPA Code of Conduct and ethical perspectives for accountants and auditors. Introduction. The authors study profiles of firms that included the accounting fraud. The main objective of the research is to improve the ethical conduct for accountants through the demonstration of the gap between constituted rules and its implementation in practice using the Enron and ArthurRead MoreAuditing Procedures And Reports Used By Auditors Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagescontrast of audit procedures and reporting that is used by auditors. This paper also compares the Explanatory Report to the Standard Report. An audit can be very complex in its process of checks that ensure information is correct as recognized. Auditing looks like a numbers-based analysis and it is imperative to be able to audit the procedures of the past to recommend future improvements for success. Audit Reports There are a number of auditor reports that exist. 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Comparison and Critical Appraisal of the English Court System Free Essays

string(323) " There are different burdens of proof in each court, with civil matters requiring the claimant prove the existence of the claim on a balance of probabilities, which is arguably higher than the standard in the criminal court which requires the state, represented by a prosecutor, prove the charge beyond a reasonable doubt\." Introduction A) The role and function of the Magistrates’ court: All criminal cases begin in the Magistrates’ Court and are heard by three magistrates or a district judge, but the court also has jurisdiction over certain civil matters (JEW, 2012). For the most part however, the majority of cases heard in the Magistrates’ Court are criminal in nature. There are no juries in the Magistrates’ Court. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and Critical Appraisal of the English Court System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Magistrates’ Court has subject-matter jurisdiction over summary offences (e.g. motoring offences, minor criminal damage, common assault, drunk and disorderly conduct) and more serious offences (e.g. theft, serious assaults and drug offences), however the latter are often referred to as ‘either way’ cases as the court or the accused may choose to have these tried in the Crown Court (JEW, 2012). Certain matters are beyond the jurisdiction of the Magistrates’ Court -relating to the seriousness of the offence, these include murder, rape and arson. These are referred to as indictable offences. Indictable offences will be heard in the Crown Court as the court of first instance. The jurisdiction of the Magistrates’ Court is also limited by sentencing power which is confined to sentences amounting to less than ?5000, unpaid community services or six months imprisonment (twelve months for two or more offences). Magistrates’ Courts are able to give combination sentences, such as a fine and community service. Often cases are heard in the Magistrates’ Court and referred to the Crown court for sentencing where the sentence required exceeds the jurisdiction of the Magistrates Court (UKCLE, 2012). The power of the Magistrates’ Court with regards to the appropriate offences therefore is to determine bail, guilt or innocence and depending on the severity, the sentence. Magistrates also play a role in committal hearings where they must determine whether there is sufficient evidence to warrant referral to the Crown court. For example, in the case of murder the magistrate will not make a finding of guilt, however will decide whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a case. This is generally confined to an evaluation of the paper-based evidence submitted, i.e. the docket and based on an evaluation of all this evidence will decide whether or not to pass the case onto the Crown Court. The Magistrates’ Court, through its administrative officers also performs important such as public funding applications and witness orders. This forms a part of the civil jurisdiction that the Court has. The Magistrates’ Court also has jurisdiction over matters involving offenders between the ages of 10 and 18, licensing procedures and certain matters relating to family proceedings, such as domestic violence, relationship breakdowns, adoption, care proceedings and truancy. Therefore, the Magistrates’ Court plays an important role in family matters and the administration of the Youth Court. The role and function of County Court The County Court deals with civil (non-criminal matters) which arise when an individual, natural or juristic believes their rights have been infringed. These include claims based on contract and tort where there is an award on the basis of a wrong done to the claimant. Certain County Courts also deal with matters of insolvency, bankruptcy, wills, trusts and estates (where the value of the matter is not in excess of ?30000), matters under the Race Relations Act 1976 and any other matter that the parties agree to have heard in the County Court. Magistrates have jurisdiction to hear certain civil cases, however the more complex cases are generally referred to the County Court (JEW, 2012). Most County Courts are assigned to either a circuit judge or a district judge. Circuit judges are senior to district judges and generally deal with more complex matters, generally hearing matters worth more than ?15000, although they do have monetary jurisdiction over smaller disputes worth between ?5000 and ?15000. District judges generally oversee a number of cases in order to ensure that they are running effectively, although they do hear cases themselves. District judges deal with less complex matters than circuit judges such as repossession and assessment of damages in uncontested matters. Although civil matters usually deal with the payment of monetary damages, County Court judges do have the jurisdiction to order the arrest and prosecution of any party that does not comply with an order of court. The majority of cases are not heard before a jury (with exceptions being libel and slander trials) and judges decide these matters on a civil burden of proof, i.e. a balance of probab ilities. County Courts also deal with certain family proceedings, however these are generally dealt with in specialist courts. Family circuit judges deal with two kinds of cases, namely private cases involving disputes between parents and their children and public cases, dealing with the involvement of the local council in family matters (DoJ, 2012). Decisions of the County Court may be appealed to the appropriate Division of the High Court. The County Court Monetary Claims Centre provides essential support for the County Court and deals with designated money claims. Comparison The main comparison between the two courts is the subject matter jurisdiction over which they preside, namely civil versus criminal. The County Court deals exclusively with matters of civil liability whilst the Magistrates’ Court deals with both civil and criminal matters, however the majority of cases heard in the Magistrates’ Court are criminal in nature. To the extent therefore that the County Court cannot hear criminal matters, the Magistrates’ Court represents the criminal equivalent. To this extent they both represent the court of first instance to the extent that they have jurisdiction over the matter, which may be limited by geographical jurisdiction, subject-matter jurisdiction and monetary jurisdiction (in the case of the magistrates’ court, this includes sentencing jurisdiction). This is particularly evident in the level of civil liability complexity dealt with in Magistrates’ Court, which are simple applications not requiring extended ad judication. The County Court also does not hear matters of young persons, unlike the Magistrates’ Court who hears matters in the Youth Court separately from the Adult court. There are different burdens of proof in each court, with civil matters requiring the claimant prove the existence of the claim on a balance of probabilities, which is arguably higher than the standard in the criminal court which requires the state, represented by a prosecutor, prove the charge beyond a reasonable doubt. Magistrates’ Court have a different method of adjudication, either through a district judge or through a panel of three justices of the peace along with a law clerk to ensure that all relevant matters of law are considered in adjudication, in contrast to the County Court where the matters are heard by only legally trained judges. B) Position of the Court in the English Court Hierarchy For the respective subject-matter jurisdiction, both courts represent the court of first instance which means that they are the first step in legal proceedings (excluding the additional specialist tribunals) in their matter. Although the Magistrates’ Court can be the court of first instance for simple civil matters, generally this is a role performed by the County Court (JEW, 2012). Appeals from the Magistrates’ Court are directed to either the Crown Court which has jurisdiction over criminal matters and limited jurisdiction over civil matters both on appeal and as a court of first instance. The Crown Court is the only court that has subject-matter jurisdiction over indictment cases. Appeals may also be directed to the appropriate Division of the High Court for civil and criminal matters, acting, also as a court of first instance in certain civil matters. Appeals from the County Court are heard by the High Court and in certain cases can appeal to the Court of Appeals’ civil division. The High Court consists of three divisions, namely the Queen’s Bench, the Chancery and Family division. These are not necessarily separate courts, but rather have distinct practices and procedures designed specifically for their individual purposes. The Queen’s Bench hears matters of tort and contract, and serves as a commercial, admiralty and administrative court, whilst the family division hears matters on matrimonial proceedings, proceedings relating to the welfare of children and probate service, and the Chancery deals with matters of corporate law, companies and patents (JEW, 2012; DoJ, 2012). From the High Court and the Crown Court, the next highest court is the Court of Appeals with respective divisions for criminal and civil matters. The Court of Appeals only hears matters of appeal and does not function as a court of first instance in any matter. The Criminal Division only hears matters of appeal from the Crown Court, whilst the Civil Division hears civil appeals. Appeals from Court of Appeal go to Supreme Court which functions as the highest supreme court in the country. In matters of human rights may be further appealed to the European Court of Justice. The Supreme Court was formed by the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, prior to which the highest court was the House of Lords. In exceptional circumstances, the Supreme Court may hear appeals from the High Court. The Supreme Court has the right to interpret matters of European law and the European Convention on Human Rights, as imported into domestic law by the Human Rights Act 1998 as they apply to U.K law. C) Roles of People within the Court During the Visit Magistrates Court: District Judges: adjudicates the case on the basis of the facts presented by either the plaintiff or the prosecution and must have at least two years experience as a deputy district judge and at least seven years experience as either a barrister or solicitor. These judges deal directly with complex issues of law and sit alone as opposed to a panel (justices of the peace and court clerk). Prosecution: In criminal matters, the person represents the case against the defendant on behalf of the state. Solicitor: Representative of the plaintiff/applicant or defendant/respondent and is responsible for acting on behalf of their client in the legal proceedings. Defendant: The person accused of the crime in a criminal matter. In this case, the defendant was on bail and therefore sat next to their defense lawyer. There was one matter where the defendant was in state custody, and in this case they sat next to a correctional officer. Depositions clerk: Ensuring that the correct persons are in court at the correct times, as well as communicating with the defendant or parties to the dispute about the proceedings. The clerk records the proceedings and calls each witness to give evidence when necessary. County Court: District Judge: adjudicates and decides the facts of the case, however for the duration of this visit, the cases before the judge seemed started and uncontroversial as he moved through them quite quickly. District judges are junior to a circuit judges and hear mostly uncontested claims, mortgage repossessions and cases allocated to the small claims track. Depositions Clerk: Ensuring that the correct persons are in court at the correct times, as well as communicating with the defendant or parties to the dispute about the proceedings. Solicitor: Representatives of the applicant or respondent and is responsible for acting on behalf of their client in legal proceedings. Applicant: The person who instituted the claim. Respondent: The person who was defending the claim. D) Perception After the Court Visit A surprising factor after the visit to these courts, was how quickly matters were dealt with on the court roll. I was expecting more action, yet throughout the visit there was limited interaction with the facts of the case, particularly in the County Court which was very formal and procedural, in certain cases there was no presence by the Applicant or Respondent and the solicitor in these cases dealt exclusively with the matter. There was little interaction between the members of the courtroom and the judge scrutinized the papers, there was little evidence or argument given in support or defense of the matter. Another surprising element was the emphasis on procedure in the courts and of the little discussion of the facts of the cases that took place, most were procedural matters, and the filing of motions and applications. In the Magistrates’ Court, there was similarly very little engagement with the facts of any of the cases and most were quick reviews of pending cases, dealing with bail applications or remands and other administrative matters, all of which were dealt with very quickly and the morning session saw a good number of cases dealt with superficially on matters of procedure. To a certain extent, the expectation of the court process was that it was going to be very dramatic, however this is clearly not the case as matters moved quickly through the role with minimum discourse on the subject matter and there were no full trials scheduled on the days of my visit. I was further surprised by the proceedings in court to the extent that there are constantly persons coming and going from the courtroom, and to a certain extent this was a more relaxed environment than I was originally expecting. Whereas my original perception that the court environment was going to be very serious, I was surprised to see that the parties in the courtroom were professional and relaxed. There was no hype about the roles that they were playing and they were just getting on with their jobs. Bibliography Primary Sources Constitutional Reform Act 2005 European Convention of Human Rights Human Rights Act 1998 Secondary Sources Judiciary of England and Wales (2012) Structure of the Court System [online] Available on: http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/introduction-to-justice-system/court-structure [Accessed 19 November 2012] Judiciary of England and Wales (2012) County Court [online] Available on: http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/you-and-the-judiciary/going-to-court/county-court/county-court [Accessed 19 November 2012] Department of Justice (2012) About Courts. [online] Available on: http://www.justice.gov.uk/about/hmcts/courts [Accessed 19 November 2012] UKCLE (2012) The Jurisdiction of the Magistrates’ Court [online] Available on: http://www.ukcle.ac.uk/students/resources-for-students/jurisdiction/ [Accessed 19 November 2012] How to cite Comparison and Critical Appraisal of the English Court System, Essay examples

My Own Philosophy Of Education Is Rather Difficult For Me To Explain. Essay Example For Students

My Own Philosophy Of Education Is Rather Difficult For Me To Explain. Essay There aremany parts of our educational system that I disagree with. The problem is that I see fartoo many problems, yet offer few answers. Todays educational systems seem so trendyand political. It almost seems like we should not get comfortable with any one way ofdoing things because policies and procedures change so often. My own philosophy is onethat many people have heard of, If its not broken, then dont fix it!. This is simple,and so am I. Upon reading some of the different philosophical views towards education, Ifound many really good ideas. Each philosophy is presented very attractively. And whynot? The people who set forth these particular ideas were very passionate about whatthey believed in. Unfortunately, we could all debate about the different philosophicalviews of education until we are blue in the face. This still doesnt actually make any oneopinion, better than any of the others. We all have opinions, what we need is commonground between them. Hopefully, that is what my educational philosophy stands for. We will write a custom essay on My Own Philosophy Of Education Is Rather Difficult For Me To Explain. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The metaphysics, or nature of reality, of my philosophy starts with the subjects westudy in school. Subjects should be functional to todays world. Our educational systemis far more diverse today than it has ever been, and our subject matter should reflect that. The reality of the subjects studied in school, should also reflect upon the reality in eachstudents environment. Reality can change, because environments change. Textbooksand literature become somewhat obsolete after a while because our culture changes sorapidly. That is not to say that classic pieces of literature are not of use in the classroom,but each literary product presented in the classroom should hold some information that isrelatively useful for all of the students. When considering metaphysics in the classroom, I believe that religion issomething for outside of the classroom. There are far too many religious beliefs in theworld to accommodate all of them, so that is an area best left alone. This leaves plenty oftime for other areas of development. If it is the wish of a family to have religionaddressed in the classroom, then there are certain specialized schools that do just that. Ibelieve it is the responsibility of the church to educate their youth in these areas. Lastly, writing skills are important to the metaphysics of my educationalphilosophy. Writing is a necessity in order to accurately document events and opinions. Distinguishing the difference between fact and fiction can be quite difficult. But a strongfoundation of writing skills make identifying reality, that much easier. The epistemology, or nature of knowledge, in my philosophy is much like that ofthe pragmatists. I believe that interaction with the environment is a key part of education. Education should extend outside of the classroom. Life is a constant learning process initself. If we compared how much time we learn in classrooms to the amount we learn outof them, there is no comparison. If an environmental science class is learning how to usea compass in the woods, then that is exactly what they should do, literally. Another part of my epistemology is problem solving. Once again I find myselfsiding with the pragmatist view. There are many people who are book smart, but not somany of those people can practically apply that knowledge. Todays system praises shortterm memory. Far too many subjects are taught and then forgotten. If we desire to retaininformation then it must be useful and interesting to us. Knowledge has definitely taken aback seat to the test score. It is very possible to obtain an A, in a subject but notactually learn anything about it. Todays society values grades, not knowledge. They aretwo very different things. .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 , .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .postImageUrl , .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 , .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:hover , .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:visited , .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:active { border:0!important; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:active , .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6 .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e0429ee84a81d3392012b57734863a6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Earthworms Essay ThesisThe axiology, or the nature of values, is also a very sensitive area to touch upon. Moral values, for the most part, should be taught at home. Ethics are an important part ofeducation (plagiarism, dishonesty, etc.). If ethical values are going to be worthwhile, thenthey must be part of life outside of the classroom as well. If the gap between ethicsoutside of school differs greatly from that of ethics inside the classroom, the learningprocess can be greatly hindered. A perfect example, in my mind, is the recent tragedy atColumbine high school in Colorado. The students who went into school with their gunssmoking, were obviously far beyond ethical principles, and did not know of any otherway to seek redemption. The aesthetics of values is a much more simple area of education than morals. This should be entirely up to the student. If a student has seriously considered thematerial presented, then perhaps appreciation for the beauty of nature and art is possible. The teacher is simply a facilitator in this situation. Teachers must also be careful not tolead students in any certain direction with their appreciation, but rather let the studentslead themselves. Society as a whole will lead students in a certain direction, because it is society asa whole that decides what is right or wrong. We learn right from wrong through trial anderror. Once again I seem to side with the pragmatists in believing that values depend onall of the variables present during that particular time or setting. If a person cannotconform to the norms of society when it comes to morals, or any other area, then thatperson will end up being an outcast or undesirable. I think that natural consequencesshould be the penalty for not having morals. Either you conformingly exist, or you ceaseto exist. The logic of my philosophy is simply to approach education logically. Forexample, it does not make sense that students must pass a comprehensive exam inMassachusetts in order to graduate from high school. I cant wait to hear about thestudent who aces the SATs, but flunks the MCAS. Besides, there is no way to test andmeasure life skills, which are a large part of a successful life after high school. Studentsshould develop those skills throughout the course of their lives. Logic is also a key part of communication. Education should help studentsdevelop a strong verbal and written competency, as these are important parts of real life. It would be logical for school to be more like real life in order not to create some kind ofsheltered fantasy land (schools) in which students hide from the world. Strongcommunication skills will help the progress of society. And that is one of the importantroles of school, isnt it? It prepares our youth to be productive and successful members ofour society. Lastly, school must be logical in order for students to completely invest in it. Ifstudents do not see the need or usefulness for education, then they will be less likely tobenefit from it. Too many students drop out of school because the problems in theirlives do not seemingly have the chance of being solved with or without an education, sothey simply give up. In conclusion, we as a society must make school an enriching experience for ourchildren. We can do this by supporting the schools and contributing to the process ofbettering lives outside of school. When there are less distractions outside of theclassroom, there are in fact more learning opportunities presented within it, for everyone.

The Sandbox Essays - Edward Albee, Theatre Of The Absurd

The Sandbox Canndice Green English 102 November 29, 1999 In reading Edward Albee's The Sandbox directly out of the text, it seemed to be a trite and dull play. I was left with feeling after I read the play in the book, that if anything this boring could get published so could I some time in the future. Yet, to see it performed live by my fellow classmates, it revealed much of the dynamics of that family. In being able to see it performed among my classmates; my actual opinion of the play did modify. I was able to be more open and understanding to the message and the actual motivation of the play. My original opinion of this play was that if was of a family that was too busy to care about the needs of the elderly grandmother. It had managed to rap itself so tightly in the daily bind not to care about any actual member of the family that could be sick or aging. A family that had established itself to a point that having to contend with the grandmother throws the entire situation off. In seeing the play performed live I grew to understand that my original assumption was precise yet, there was more going on than I read. It is a family that is dealing with having to cope with an elderly parent. The roles of parenting have changed the child has now become the parent. It about a family has to cope and re-adjust their lives to manage the new person. Also a problem with dealing with the elderly is dealing with the fact that they are closer to death. The realities that the Mom would be losing her own mother soon, which leaves some harsh feelings. Death is an actual theme that I could tell throughout the play. The play confronts being alive and how to behave with the awareness of death. It calls the reader and the people who will view the play live, not to live in fear of death that it is such a natural next step of life. It is has some streaks of optimism, because the play makes the assumption that it is possible to communicate with other people. That in the end the natural element that makes life a workable situation is to be able to talk to each other. The play is a good example of a family dealing with change and transition. It is a family that is adjusting to the change of a loved one. The play allows the reader from dark humored perspective understand the pain an anger of old aged. It would be the definition of the song the Little of Lady from Pasadena how as we get older we do slow down but grow. I found the play to be a good look at the current trends in society. That this society has a problem with how to treat the elderly, how to respect the wealth of knowledge that they have. This society has a function to serve the young and when the elderly hit a certain point they have used the potential and a discarded. The play reflects modern trends on the elderly and the perspective of how they are dealt with. Physics

Free Essays on Aristotle

, substances are distinct and are composed of different common qualities. However, form is what determines the substance’s essence. Derived from these terms, Aristotle also introduced his theory of cause and effect, which if relevant to his theory of potentiality and actuality. He taught that an organism changes form until it reaches a state of actuality. The form is known from the beginning and this beginning state has potentiality. In addition, form strives to become it’s own reality or actualize it’s potentiality and the only way this can be done is by motion through the forms. The cause for things can only be described when actuality is reached. The ideas of actuality and potentiality bring to the light the notion of the Unmoved Mover, or God. This was a supreme form, which possessed actuality and hence, was without motion. Furthermore, the Unmoved Mover is immaterial because matter is in a state of potentiality and the Unmoved Mover only contains actuality. The Unmoved Mover is important to Aristotle’s theories because it is a logical explanation for the cause of the universe; it is the universal form.... Free Essays on Aristotle Free Essays on Aristotle Aristotle places great emphasis on the moral virtue of temperance in relation to the nature of states of character. In his examination to achieve true temperance Aristotle asserts, â€Å"The general account being of this nature, the account of particular cases is yet more lacking in exactness; for they don not follow under any art or precept, but the agents themselves must in each case consider what is appropriate to the occasion† (-1104a9). He believes that we achieve our own good will, but attaining the good isn’t an exact science, it isn’t precise like math or physics. However, he still attempts to arrive to a definition of true temperance. In defining true temperance Aristotle speaks about human function. He says the enjoyment of pleasure is reasonable and the abstention of pleasure as unreasonable. He says true virtue lies between Self-indulgence and abstention. Therefore, temperance represents the mean lying between excess and abstention. He doesn’t concern himself with a uniform rule, but with something all humans have in common allowing us to act accordingly. In book two of the ethics Aristotle concerns himself with three objects of choice: the noble, the useful, and the pleasant, as well as three objects of avoidance: the base, the harmful, and the painful. These objects motivate one to act or avoid any action. Most people avoid the painful and choose the pleasure, which Aristotle believes is in accordance with virtue. However, continuing to choose pleasure over pain leads to self-indulgence. Therefore, how must one attain the mean? Aristotle declares, â€Å"[to achieve virtue and temperance] that the intermediate state in all things is to be praised, but that we must incline sometimes toward the excess, sometimes toward the deficiency; for so shall we most easily hit the mean and what is right† (1109b28). I agree with Aristotle’s statement affirming that in order to reach the mean, humans must at times pu... Free Essays on Aristotle Aristotle’s ideas were derived from Plato’s view of the world and it’s relation to absolute Forms. In contrast to Plato’s beliefs, Aristotle felt that the basis of true reality can be determined by what exists in the physical world, not by an incomprehensive world of Ideas. To explain his theory, Aristotle constructed different categories to explain existence. He taught that each object in the physical world consists of a substance, which is it’s main reality and without substance an object can not exist. Furthermore, quality is solely an ingredient of each individual substance. In other words, substances are distinct and are composed of different common qualities. However, form is what determines the substance’s essence. Derived from these terms, Aristotle also introduced his theory of cause and effect, which if relevant to his theory of potentiality and actuality. He taught that an organism changes form until it reaches a state of actuality. The form is known from the beginning and this beginning state has potentiality. In addition, form strives to become it’s own reality or actualize it’s potentiality and the only way this can be done is by motion through the forms. The cause for things can only be described when actuality is reached. The ideas of actuality and potentiality bring to the light the notion of the Unmoved Mover, or God. This was a supreme form, which possessed actuality and hence, was without motion. Furthermore, the Unmoved Mover is immaterial because matter is in a state of potentiality and the Unmoved Mover only contains actuality. The Unmoved Mover is important to Aristotle’s theories because it is a logical explanation for the cause of the universe; it is the universal form.... Free Essays on Aristotle How does Aristotle’s list of virtues and vices differ from our modern conceptions of vice and virtue? Aristotle’s claim that virtue can be learned only through constant practice implies that there are no set rules we can learn and then obey. Instead, virtue consists of learning through experience what is the mean path, relative to ourselves, between the vices we may be liable to stumble into. For Aristotle, virtue is an all-or-nothing affair. We cannot pick and choose our virtues: we cannot decide that we will be courageous and temperate but choose not to be magnificent. Nor can we call people properly virtuous if they fail to exhibit all of the virtues. Though Aristotle lists a number of virtues, he sees them all as coming from the same source. A virtuous person is someone who is naturally disposed to exhibit all the virtues, and a naturally virtuous disposition exhibits all the virtues equally. Our word ethics descends from the Greek word ethos, which means more properly â€Å"character.† Aristotle’s concern in the Ethics, then, is what constitutes a good character. All the virtues spring from a unified character, so no good person can exhibit some virtues without exhibiting them all. One of the most famous aspects of the Ethics is Aristotle’s doctrine that virtue exists as a mean state between the vicious extremes of excess and deficiency. For example, the virtuous mean of courage stands between the vices of rashness and cowardice, which represent excess and deficiency respectively. So virtue is a purposive disposition, lying in a mean that is relative to us and determined by a rational principle, by that which a prudent man would use to determine it. This quotation from Book II, Chapter 6, gives us a clear expression of Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean: virtue is a mean disposition between the vicious extremes of excess and deficiency. In calling virtue a â€Å"purposive† disposition, Aristotle means that... Free Essays on Aristotle With the possible exception of Plato, Aristotle is the most influential philosopher in the history of logical thought. Logic into this century was basically Aristotelian logic. Aristotle dominated the study of the natural sciences until modern times. Aristotle, in some aspect, was the founder of biology; Charles Darwin considered him as the most important contributor to the subject. Aristotle’s Poetic, the first work of literary notice, had a string influence on the theory and practice of modern drama. Aristotle’s great influence is due to the fact that he seemed to offer a system, which although lacked in certain respects, was as a whole matchless in its extent. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira in northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician with close connections to the Macedonian court. In 367, Aristotle went to Athens to join Plato’s Academy, first as a student then, a teacher. Plato had gathered around him a group of outstanding men who shared no common belief but who were united by the exact effort to organize human knowledge on a firm theoretical basis and expand it in all directions. This effort identified Aristotle’s own work. It was also part of the Academy’s program to train young men for a political career and to provide advice to rulers. After Plato’s death, Aristotle joined the court of Hermias of Atarneus in 347, and later went to the court of Philip II of Macedonian, where he became the tutor of Alexander the Great. In 335, Aristotle returned to Athens to found his own school, the Lyceum. The Lyceum under Aristotle pursued a wider range of subjects than the Academy ever had. The detail study of nature became very popular among the students. After the death of Alexander the Great in 323, anti-Macedonian feeling in Athens rose, and Aristotle retried to Chalcis, where he died the following year. The natural sciences are concerned with natural objects that are characterized by the... Free Essays on Aristotle Aristotle was a philosopher who lived from 384 B.C. to 322 B.C. He spent twenty years studying and working at Plato’s Academy. Plato was an influential philosopher and scholar that made a tremendous impact on Aristotle. Many of Plato’s ideologies were presented in Aristotle’s works. Aristotle demonstrated his political views in The Politics and The Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle stated, â€Å"Every state is a community of some kind, and every community is established with a view to some good, but if all communities aim at some good, the state or political community, which is the highest of all, and which embraces all the rest, aims at good in a greater degree than any other.† Aristotle discussed the distinction between democracy and oligarchy, and which government he desired the most. He also explored the duties and obligations of citizens to their government and vice versa. Aristotle discussed the notions of â€Å"just† and â€Å"unjust† and how laws affected them. According to Aristotle, there were three true forms of government: monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional republic. The perverted forms of these were tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. The difference between the last two was not that democracy was a government of the many, and oligarchy of the few; instead, democracy was the state of the poor, and oligarchy of the rich. Aristotle preferred a monarchy, but believed that democracy was the best type of government. He favored democracy because it appeared to be safer and less susceptible to revolution. He also favored democracy because it secured the predominance of a large middle class, which was the chief basis of permanence in any state. Democracy brought society together by making people active in their government. A government was nothing without their citizens, and citizens were nothing without their government. Therefore, there were duties and obligations due to the state from it citizens, and there were ...

Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignments - Essay Example There are three different arguments about determinism. First, the author said that if determinism is true, then we can accurately predict our future. Also, the author argued that it is completely illogical to completely â€Å"foretell† what would happen to a person’s life because everything has already been determined even at the micro-level. The second argument against determinism is that people can always change their mind about a decision let’s say to do something or to go somewhere. The author calls this â€Å"stepping-back† which is an active participation of an individual to take decisions as well as change decisions in his life. These decisions were based on valuing that the theory of determinism lacks according to Honderich. The last argument against determinism by Honderich is about determinism as â€Å"self-destructive†. He first stated the Epicurean argument to determinism to lay down a strong foundation for his reason. In the end, Honder ich concluded that if determinism was true, then people do not have free will. Of course, we know that man has free will and would do whatever he chooses according to his value judgments. The main difference tells us that Frankfurt believes that a person is still morally responsible for the consequences of his actions. Frankfurt believes that individuals have a choice to make and be answerable for their decisions.

Mental Damages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mental Damages - Essay Example First, the elements of negligence should be established. They are duty, breach, causation, damages. According to Caparo v. Dickman [1990] UKHL 2, if the harm that occurs is reasonably foreseeable, there is a degree of proximity between the tortfeasor and the victim, and if it would be just, reasonable and fair to impose liability, then the duty prong of the negligence analysis is satisfied. In this case the harm was reasonably foreseeable – Maria could foresee that something could go wrong if she defied orders, in that she might be incapacitated, which would leave the children essentially unattended. This is exactly the harm that happened, so this harm is reasonably foreseeable. Proximity is also established, in that the children were in Maria’s care.... Maria did not act as a reasonable person, as a reasonable person would have obeyed the rules set forth by the New Horizons regarding employees acting only with trained support staff. Therefore, breach is established. Causation is the next element. The court’s typically use the â€Å"but-for† test – would the damages have occurred but-for the tortfeasor’s actions? (Barnett v. Kensington & Chelsea NHS Trust [1968] 1 All ER 1068). In this case, the actions of Maria were the cause, because but-for her choosing to drive without supervised help, the damages would not have occurred, because there would have been a trained person to help the children on the bus. Damages are next – do Bonita and Ben have compensable damages? After all, they were physically unhurt, but apparently suffered some type of emotional damage from the incident. In this case, the court would look to the case of Page v. Smith [1995] UKHL 7. In Page, the plaintiff was physically unhurt in a minor traffic accident. However, he suffered other damages, which was that he had myalgic encephalomyelitis, and this disease recurred, although it was previous in remission. The court found that Page was a primary victim, which means that the primary victim must only show that personal injury would have been a foreseeable consequence of the tortfeasor’s actions. If this is established, that the victim was unhurt would not preclude the victim from collecting from some kind of nervous shock or psychiatric injury. Further, another case that establishes that primary victims may recover for nervous shock, if they are in danger of being injured, is Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1992] 1 AC 310. Therefore, even though the two

Benefits of Microbial Fuel Cell

Benefits of Microbial Fuel Cell Jessica Johnson This report focuses on Microbial fuel cell development and how it can help us overcome the energetic issues we face currently, at the same time providing a solution to treat waste water more efficiently that the current ways we are going on about doing so. The report aim is to show the benefits of utilizing Microbial Fuel Cell to get rid of the harsh activities we use now to keep up with the modernization of the world while at the same time destroying it, by using the very germs and bacteria that we are afraid of. The research has presents examples of how the use of microbial will help us in the long run once we are able to use this technology for many more things on an even larger scale The existence of MFC has proven to be beneficial in several ways currently: Subject Matter Aim of the report Findings Introduction We as human beings see germs and bacteria as doing more harm than good, it satisfies us greatly to know that we can utilize these germs and bacteria for a greater good. As the world becomes more modernised it is imperative that we find other sources of energy that is clean, renewable and readily available at an affordable cost. Nature is the original Microbial fuel cell as it has been converting organic substrates into energy (Adenosine triphosphate-ATP) since the beginning of time. Microbial fuel cells, technology that is still in its developing stages which uses the biochemical activities of microorganisms as a resource to obtain hydrogen create electricity. Using MFCs are very beneficial to the environment as it helps in the reduction of pollution and cuts the cost of water treatment tremendously. Apart from being an energy source, MFCs also has the potential to provide sustainable power sources to isolated communities and desalinate water. Figure 1: A simple Microbial Fuel cell To most Microbial fuel cell would seem like something that is new to the world but the idea of utilizing microbes to produce energy was brought to the world in the early 1900s by Professor M. C. Potter. Potter used Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces to produce electrical energy at the University of Durham (Mercer, 2012 and Potter, 1912). During his studies, Potter discovered the ability to harness electricity from microorganisms and believed that this discovery would also benefit humans. Potter came up with the idea of creating a microbial fuel cell but lacked the knowledge of bacterial metabolism. Fast forward to the 1980s, M. J. Allen and H. Peters Bennetto further developed Potters idea along with the interest in providing affordable electricity to isolated areas, advanced technology and a better understanding electron transport chain this enabled Allen and Bennetto to create a basic design for the first Microbial Fuel Cell.   Most bacteria are made up of a lipid membrane that l acks the ability to conduct electricity, Allen and Bennetto discovered that by using electron mediators to transport electrons to the electrodes a greater electrical output created (Davis and Higson, 2007). Korean researcher B-H Kim discovered that some microorganism possessed electrochemical activity and did not require an electron mediator, this created a MFC that did not require mediators that were toxic and expensive. Recently more attention has been geared towards Microbial Fuel Cells due to their environmentally friendly operating conditions and the ability for them to utilise biodegradable substrates as fuel The bacteria in a microbial fuel cell work by oxidising and reducing organic molecules to create energy. Figure 2: shows a Microbial Fuel Cell is split into two halves, an aerobic half containing a cathode that allows oxygen. The anaerobic side contains no oxygen, the anode acts as an electron receptor for the bacterial process. Separating both chambers is a proton exchange membrane or a salt bridge, this prevents oxygen from entering the anaerobic side while simultaneously allowing hydrogen ions to pass through thus generating energy. Biocatalyst on the anaerobic side of the MFC oxidises organic substrates such as acetate therefore producing electrons and protons (Antonopolou et. al 2010). The protons are attracted to the cathode by passing through the PEM while the electrons pass through the external circuit (Rahimnejad et. al 2011). If oxygen enters the anode chamber this will prevent energy from being produced. (Rahimnejad et. al 2011) Types of Microbial Fuel Cells Single Chamber MFC Two Chambered MFC       A single chamber MFC, an anaerobic chamber that is linked to a porous cathode exposed to air and is separated by a PEM. Electrons are transferred to the cathode to complete the circuit. A single chamber MFC does not require recharging with an oxidative media and aeration makes the single chamber MFC more versatile and inexpensive to setup due to the absence of expensive membranes and cathodic chambers this creates flexible application in wastewater treatment and power generation. Figure 3: Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell A double chambered MFC This type of MFC contains an anodic and cathodic chamber connected by a PEM that mediates proton transfer from the anode to the cathode all while blocking the diffusion of oxygen into the anode, this system is generally used for waste treatment and energy generation. Figure 4: diagram of a double chamber microbial fuel cell Microbes Substrate Applications Escherichia coli Glucose, Sucrose Methylene blue needed as a mediator Clostridium butyricum Starch, Glucose, Lactate, Molasses Fermentative bacterium Proteus mirabilis Glucose Uses Thionin as mediator Streptococcus lactis Glucose Mediator- Ferric chelate complex Aeromonas hydrophila Acetate Mediator-less MFC Table 1: Microbes used in Microbial Fuel Cells With the help of bacteria, Microbial Fuel Cells can convert chemical energy into electricity Current and future uses for Microbial fuel cells There are current applications in which Microbial Fuel cells are involved proves it to be an ever-evolving technology that uses bacteria to generate electricity from waste and create hydrogen. By tapping into this previously unharnessed source of power, clean, sustainable energy can be produced at low cost. Wastewater treatment Microbial Fuel Cells can be utilised to treat sewage water. MFCs can kill the bacteria found in sewage. It has been proven that MFC can reduce the amount of bacteria present in wastewater by 80% (Liu 2004). The waste water is initially pre-treated to remove the toxins and non- biodegradable materials from the water. This process is deemed challenging as sewage water can be extremely toxic and polluted undergoes extensive treatment before MFC can be used to clean the water. High operational sustainability and low material costs are important characteristics for treating wastewater efficiently (Wang et. Al 2012) Sea Water Desalination Microbial Fuel Cells are capable of producing energy but at the level where we can remove salt from large amount of water. However, there is potential for such process to be accomplished, by using an adapted microbial fuel cell would make desalination of sea water possible without external electrical sources [5]. Researchers tested the process of desalination by using a desalination microbial fuel cell. This is quite different to the previous fuel cells mentioned as there is a third chamber present for the salt water in between the two electrodes. The process occurs with the positive and negative ions being attracted to the perspective electrodes as the proton electron membrane removes the salt from the water leaving it fresh. Scientists recorded that salt removal was up to 90% efficient however, higher removal efficiencies are needed to produce grade A drinking water [5]. Figure 5: Desalination microbial fuel cells Hydrogen Production With the help of a Microbial fuel cell, hydrogen can be produced. This process does require an external source of power to convert the bacteria into carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas (JD Coates). Protons are released by the anodic reaction and pass through the PEM towards the cathode, this then combines with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen created from the electrons and protons produced by the microorganisms metabolizing in a MFC can be dangerous temperature wise (Liu et al). Power source-The whole idea behind the development and advancement of microbial fuel cell technologies was mainly based on providing cheap, accessible power to remote regions of in the world like villages in Africa, where majority of the population lives without the luxury of electricity (Doty, 2008). The use of homemade Microbial Fuel Cell in Africa is very new, tests are being done with manure and dirt which would be beneficial for populations in rural areas where this can be as affordable as possible. The electrical current produced by a simple homemade MFC is enough to recharge a cell phone battery, an important communication and lighting tool to rural African communities. Efforts are being made to create MFCs that can be constructed from simple items that can be easily acquired. Materials such as soil, manure, copper wire, buckets, and graphite cloth are essential in creating a simple MFC. Conclusion Microbial fuel cells have created a promising future for human beings and the planet we live on. The research done so far and with the applications that we have currently will help aid the reduction of our need to use fossil fuels and allow us to gain energy from wastes products, bacteria ridden water, enable us to use previously salted water to drink, farm with, this will greatly benefit 3rd world countries and areas plagued with drought and provide electricity to places that do not have any. Scientists are not able to utilise MFC technology to change the world in a day but are working on ways to help make a change bit by bit. Microbial fuel cells will never could produce enough electricity to make coal-fired power plants a thing of the past but however it does have to availability to help us utilise it less hence making the world a safer place to live References Antonopoulo, G., Bebelis, S., Lyberatos, G., Stamatelatou, K. 2010. Electricity generation from synthetic substrates and cheese whey using a two-chamber microbial fuel cell. Journal of Biochemical Engineering, 50, 10-15 (article) Coates J. D. Wrighton K. Microbial Fuel Cells: Plug-in and Power-on Microbiology. Microbe Magazine, 2009. [Accessed 9th March 2017]. Dillow. C. Microbial Fuel Cell Cleans Wastewater, Desalinates Seawater, and Generates Power. Popular Science. Online: http://www.popsci.coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹m/scitech/article/20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹09-08/microbial-fuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-cell-cleans-wastewaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ter-desalinates-seawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ater-and-generates-pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ower, Sept. 26, 2009. [Accessed 25th, Feb. 2017]. Doty, C. For Africa, energy from dirt' New York Times, Oct. 11, 2008. [Accessed 8th, March 2017]. MURI Public Outreach: How Does an MFC Work? MURI: Microbial Fuel Cell Project. Internet: http://mfc-muri.usc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹edu/public/how.htm. [9th March 2017]. Modified Microbial Fuel Cell Produces Electricity and Desalinates Water. FuelCellsWorks: Leader in the Fuel Cell Industry. Internet: http://fuelcellsworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹s.com/news/2009/08/0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹9/modified-a-microbià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹al-fuel-cell-produceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹s-electricity-and-deà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹salinates-water/, Aug. 9, 2009. [Accessed19th, Feb. 2017]. Junyeong et al. 2009.Floating-Type Microbial Fuel Cell (FT-MFC) for Treating Organic-Contaminatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Water. Environmental Science and Technology 43.5: 642-647. Zhuwei Du, Haoran Li, Tingyue Gu, A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy, 10 May 2007, Biotechnology Advances 25 (2007) 464-482, Available from http://132.235.17.4/Paper-gu/MFCreview.pdf Rahimnejad, M. Najafpour, G. Ghoreyshi, A. A. 2011. Effects of Mass transfer on performance of microbial fuel cell intech, 5, 233-250 Rahimnejad M, Najafpour G, Ghoreyshi A. A. 2011.The enhancement of a microbial fuel cell for electrical output using mediators and oxidising agents. Energy source., 33, 2239-2248 Wang. Y. P. et. Al .2012. A microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor integrated system for cost-effective wastewater treatment. Applied energy, 98 230-235 Liu H, Grot S, Logan BE, 2005c. Electrochemically assisted microbial production of hydrogen from acetate. Environmental Science Technology:4317-20 Picture reference Figure 1: CCU Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory http://www.eq.ccu.edu.tw/lab/lab111/public_html/06_en.html Figure 2: Frederick High School 2014. http://2014hs.igem.org/Team:FHS_Frederick_MD/Microbial_Fuel_Cells Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Stubbs, J. 2014. Bio-cathodes: powering towards clean water, energy and biomass production http://blogs.rsc.org/em/2014/01/23/bio-cathodes-powering-towards-clean-water-energy-and-biomass-production/

Porter five forces Essay

Content 1. Introduction 2. Explanation of the Porter Model 3. Porters five forces Automobile industry 4. Conclusion and weaknesses 1. Introduction Audi History It all began with August Horch, one of Germany’s pioneering personalities automobile engineers. He set up business on his own in 1899, establishing Horch & Cie. Motorwagen Werke in Cologne on November 14 of that year. August Horch left the company in 1909 and immediately established a second car company in Zwickau. Because his surname was already in use and was protected by trademark, he chose its Latin translation for the new company. So â€Å"horch!† – or â€Å"hark† – became â€Å"audi!†. The Audi brand established a tradition of sporting achievement from the very outset. Thanks to his victorious involvement in the Austrian Alpine Runs between 1911 and 1914, August Horch succeeded in making Audi internationally known within just a few years. The Audi four-ring emblem symbolises the merger in 1932 of four previously independent motor-vehicle manufacturers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. In 1969 Auto Union GmbH amalgamated with NSU Motorenwerke AG. [1] Audi Financial situation The revenue in 2013 is 49,880 ERU million, which is higher than that in 2012(48,711 ERU million). Operating income in 2013 is 1,952 ERU million, which is also higher than 2012. With 1,575,480 Audi vehicles sold over the course of the past fiscal year (2013), the volume target of 1.5 million deliveries originally envisaged for 2015waseasilly Exceeded, two years ahead of schedule. [2] The reason I choose to analyze porter five forces of Audi, because I like the appearance of Audi SUV Q5 and Q7. And I deserve to own my car in the few years when I have enough money. Thus, for me, it has some help that I have the knowledge of the background. 2. Explanation of the Porter Model Porter five forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. It draws upon industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An â€Å"unattractive† industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A very unattractive industry would be one approaching â€Å"pure competition†, in which available profits for all firms are driven to normal profit. This analysis is associated with its principal innovator Michael E. Porter of Harvard University (as of 2014). 3. Porters five forces Automobile industry Barriers to Entry Capital requirements The amount of capital required to start a car company is enormous. For the average person, they can’t come along and start manufacturing automobiles. As to build an auto firm, they need many factors like the site, labor and the support of technology, which be obtain by capital. Thus, the capital is the biggest factor for the creation of auto firm. Technology Technology also is an import factor to build the auto firm. It is complicated not only for the auto firm itself, also for the parts suppliers. As we know, production of the cars can’t complete by the auto firm, which has significant influence by the automotive suppliers. Meanwhile, ideas and technology that provides competitive advantage over others when patented, preventing others from using it and thus creates barrier to entry. Competition There are already significant well established competitors. Globalization the tendency of world investment and businesses to move from national and domestic markets to a worldwide environment, is a huge factor affecting the auto market. Thus, many auto firms are able to compete with the others from domestic markets to the world. Competition will become more violent than the past. Government regulations and policies Although government’s job is to preserve free competitive market, it restricts competition through regulations and restrictions. Thus, government regulations are a big part of barriers for the auto industry. Automobile firms need to observe safety design, emission standards and fuel efficiency by government. And different countries have various policies and restriction on automobile industry for instance Economic Commission of Europe. Marketing a new brand Marketing a new brand can be difficult. Not only distribution costs and marking costs are very expensive, but people cannot easy to accept a new brand especially auto brand. People will be worried on the performance and safety of cars. For this reason, marking a new brand is a barrier to entry automobile industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers For automotive suppliers, there are two different situations which due to different bargaining power. Firstly, some strong suppliers (e.g. BOSCH, DENSO) have big discourse power to auto companies and the market, as they supply many products for a number of auto companies (not only Audi). The suppliers have more market share than the others and much revenue. And the products of the suppliers have patents and are not able to replace through changing the suppliers. If there are few suppliers providing material essential to make a product then they can set the price high to capture more profit. Powerful suppliers can squeeze industry profitability to great extend. Thus, auto companies are vulnerable to the suppliers. Secondly, some suppliers are often small and medium size, whereas car companies are large and globalized. Many suppliers are dependent on a single car manufacturer, as they just have the capacity of supplying a litter product. Moreover, as  we know, globalization has greatly increased the possibility to lower-cost but suitable suppliers. If an automaker decided to switch suppliers, it could be devastating to the previous supplier’s business. As a result, suppliers are extremely susceptible to the demands and requirements of the automobile manufacturer. For many years, the relationship between assemblers and suppliers has been straightforward. Because each car was designed from scratch and seen by the automaker as a unique product, all investments in solutions and technologies for new models were undertaken by the automaker. Given this market setting, it is easy to conclude from the above discussion that no role existed for the supplier at the development level. At the manufacturing stage, particularly for simpler parts where there was a well-developed market, subcontracting would naturally occur. [3] For this reason, Audi AG has significant power to these suppliers. Bargaining Power of customers For Audi cars, customers may be distinguished by the power of economic function. While consumers are very price sensitive, they don’t have much buying power as they never purchase huge volumes of cars. However, the price is not a main factor for the people who have capacity of buying luxury cars. The customer can freely choose the product that best fits its preferences, status and lifestyle among many. Customers can find many different brands and car models in the market, paying attention to widely differing performance, quality, appearance, pricing, additional features. Customers have substantial power, mainly because of the large variety of luxury brands and product to choose from, and because of the presence of substitutes. The presence of many substitutes to luxury cars enhances significantly the bargaining power of potential customers. Buyers have the power to demand lower price or higher product quality from industry producers when their bargaining power is strong. [4] On the other hand, it is positive to help the auto firms develop and promote themselves. Threat of substitute products Substitute products have two different types. Other types of transport can fulfil the commuting of demand, such as motorbikes, bicycles, public transportation systems, planes. To personal considerations, people will find substitute products. Jogging and bicycle can give people a healthy  lifestyle, while protects environment by choosing transport. While we analyze porter five forces of Audi, we should consider not only other types of transport for substitute products, also concern cars themselves. As customers choose cars of other brands in the marker, which replaces the cars of Audi. If we consider the problems which use other brands to substitute the Audi, we will find the relativity between bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry. With increasing number of substitute products, bargaining power of customers and competitive rivalry will become increase at the same time. For Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz are the most obvious substitutes in the market of mid-luxury cars. Or either higher-end cars which ultra-luxury brands (such as Ferrari, Lamborghini, Rolls Royce, Bentley)and the other end of the spectrum, less expensive cars from non-luxury brands (such as Toyota, Ford, Fiat, GM) are able to participate in the competition. Actually, the distinction between luxury cars and non-luxury cars itself is rather blurred sometimes. Pressure of the bad economic climate induces customers to choose less expensive cars, as their income decreases and expectations on the future worsen. Thus, threat of substitute products change with demand of our lives and the situation of economy. Competitive rivalry The rivalry between companies is rather intense, especially between the three global leaders: Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz. It is not simple that three companies have competitive rivalry. Because trends that are not radical that you lose touch with the market, but that go far enough that the market is prepared to follow. [2] It means a little mistake will make the auto firms lose its market. The three companies explicitly recognize each other as competitors, and their public statements and advertising campaigns make provocative comparison between the cars as to performance and innovativeness. Technological innovation is one of the fields of fiercer competition, as each of them claims to be technological leader in the industry. As previously said, substitute products will intensify competitive rivalry. With the development of Asian market, there are new luxury brands taking part in competition, such as Lexus, Infiniti and Acura. As we can see, competitive rivalry will be more intense t hat the past. Audi weaknesses Audi is clearly aiming to be a leader in automotive sustainability and is therefore stronger for it. Investment into production and vehicle technology can only increase the carmaker’s potential to become carbon-neutral. Investment into new technology could also be the cause for Audi’s biggest weakness: its cars’ reliability issues. Fitting complex electronic systems to every single one of its new cars, Audi has received a poor rating in many aspects of reliability. [5] The other weakness is about design language of cars of Audi. For the normal people who are not really into cars, they can’t really point out the differences between the A4 and the A6. Therefore, Audi need to make their productions diversified. In Audi annual report 2013, trends that are not radical that you lose touch with the market, but that go far enough that the market is prepared to follow.[2] Thus, Audi need to find a balance between trends, technology and design. Conclusion For the average person, they can’t come along and start manufacturing automobiles. The barriers are so high to the average person. Of course, Audi is not worried about barriers to entry. For Audi, bargaining power of suppliers are mutative depend on different suppliers, but overall bargaining power of suppliers at low position. As the suppliers and automotive firms they support each other. Then when we focus on bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry, there is an interesting phenomenon. As previously said, if we consider the problems which use other brands to substitute the Audi, we will find the relativity between bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry. Thus, when people find they have many substitute products to Audi cars, bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry are high. Auto industry has many barriers and violent competition rivalry which not be limited in mid-luxury cars market. Meanwhile, there are many difficulties and challenges, as the situation of global economy is not well that the past. However, with appearing the burgeoning Asian market, such as China and India, auto industry has many chances to develop themselves or walking away from  difficulties. Reference [1] Audi History (n.d.) [online], available: http://www.audi.com/corporate/en/company/history/videos.html [accessed 18 May 2014]. [2] Audi Annual Report 2013 (n.d.) [online], available: http://www.audi-reports.com/ar2013/ [accessed 18 May 2014]. [3] Fixson, S. (2010) ‘Make–Buy Decisions in the Auto Industry: New Perspectives on the Role of the Supplier as an Innovator ’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, pp. 239–257. [4] Porter’s five forces model (2013) Porter’s Five Forces [online], available: http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/porters-five-forces.html [accessed 21 May 2014]. [5] Sam Sheehan (2014) The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Audi [online], available: http://auto2014.wordpress.com/2014/01/11/the-strengths-and-weaknesses-of-audi/ [accessed 19 May 2014].