Benefits of Microbial Fuel Cell

Benefits of Microbial Fuel Cell Jessica Johnson This report focuses on Microbial fuel cell development and how it can help us overcome the energetic issues we face currently, at the same time providing a solution to treat waste water more efficiently that the current ways we are going on about doing so. The report aim is to show the benefits of utilizing Microbial Fuel Cell to get rid of the harsh activities we use now to keep up with the modernization of the world while at the same time destroying it, by using the very germs and bacteria that we are afraid of. The research has presents examples of how the use of microbial will help us in the long run once we are able to use this technology for many more things on an even larger scale The existence of MFC has proven to be beneficial in several ways currently: Subject Matter Aim of the report Findings Introduction We as human beings see germs and bacteria as doing more harm than good, it satisfies us greatly to know that we can utilize these germs and bacteria for a greater good. As the world becomes more modernised it is imperative that we find other sources of energy that is clean, renewable and readily available at an affordable cost. Nature is the original Microbial fuel cell as it has been converting organic substrates into energy (Adenosine triphosphate-ATP) since the beginning of time. Microbial fuel cells, technology that is still in its developing stages which uses the biochemical activities of microorganisms as a resource to obtain hydrogen create electricity. Using MFCs are very beneficial to the environment as it helps in the reduction of pollution and cuts the cost of water treatment tremendously. Apart from being an energy source, MFCs also has the potential to provide sustainable power sources to isolated communities and desalinate water. Figure 1: A simple Microbial Fuel cell To most Microbial fuel cell would seem like something that is new to the world but the idea of utilizing microbes to produce energy was brought to the world in the early 1900s by Professor M. C. Potter. Potter used Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces to produce electrical energy at the University of Durham (Mercer, 2012 and Potter, 1912). During his studies, Potter discovered the ability to harness electricity from microorganisms and believed that this discovery would also benefit humans. Potter came up with the idea of creating a microbial fuel cell but lacked the knowledge of bacterial metabolism. Fast forward to the 1980s, M. J. Allen and H. Peters Bennetto further developed Potters idea along with the interest in providing affordable electricity to isolated areas, advanced technology and a better understanding electron transport chain this enabled Allen and Bennetto to create a basic design for the first Microbial Fuel Cell.   Most bacteria are made up of a lipid membrane that l acks the ability to conduct electricity, Allen and Bennetto discovered that by using electron mediators to transport electrons to the electrodes a greater electrical output created (Davis and Higson, 2007). Korean researcher B-H Kim discovered that some microorganism possessed electrochemical activity and did not require an electron mediator, this created a MFC that did not require mediators that were toxic and expensive. Recently more attention has been geared towards Microbial Fuel Cells due to their environmentally friendly operating conditions and the ability for them to utilise biodegradable substrates as fuel The bacteria in a microbial fuel cell work by oxidising and reducing organic molecules to create energy. Figure 2: shows a Microbial Fuel Cell is split into two halves, an aerobic half containing a cathode that allows oxygen. The anaerobic side contains no oxygen, the anode acts as an electron receptor for the bacterial process. Separating both chambers is a proton exchange membrane or a salt bridge, this prevents oxygen from entering the anaerobic side while simultaneously allowing hydrogen ions to pass through thus generating energy. Biocatalyst on the anaerobic side of the MFC oxidises organic substrates such as acetate therefore producing electrons and protons (Antonopolou et. al 2010). The protons are attracted to the cathode by passing through the PEM while the electrons pass through the external circuit (Rahimnejad et. al 2011). If oxygen enters the anode chamber this will prevent energy from being produced. (Rahimnejad et. al 2011) Types of Microbial Fuel Cells Single Chamber MFC Two Chambered MFC       A single chamber MFC, an anaerobic chamber that is linked to a porous cathode exposed to air and is separated by a PEM. Electrons are transferred to the cathode to complete the circuit. A single chamber MFC does not require recharging with an oxidative media and aeration makes the single chamber MFC more versatile and inexpensive to setup due to the absence of expensive membranes and cathodic chambers this creates flexible application in wastewater treatment and power generation. Figure 3: Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell A double chambered MFC This type of MFC contains an anodic and cathodic chamber connected by a PEM that mediates proton transfer from the anode to the cathode all while blocking the diffusion of oxygen into the anode, this system is generally used for waste treatment and energy generation. Figure 4: diagram of a double chamber microbial fuel cell Microbes Substrate Applications Escherichia coli Glucose, Sucrose Methylene blue needed as a mediator Clostridium butyricum Starch, Glucose, Lactate, Molasses Fermentative bacterium Proteus mirabilis Glucose Uses Thionin as mediator Streptococcus lactis Glucose Mediator- Ferric chelate complex Aeromonas hydrophila Acetate Mediator-less MFC Table 1: Microbes used in Microbial Fuel Cells With the help of bacteria, Microbial Fuel Cells can convert chemical energy into electricity Current and future uses for Microbial fuel cells There are current applications in which Microbial Fuel cells are involved proves it to be an ever-evolving technology that uses bacteria to generate electricity from waste and create hydrogen. By tapping into this previously unharnessed source of power, clean, sustainable energy can be produced at low cost. Wastewater treatment Microbial Fuel Cells can be utilised to treat sewage water. MFCs can kill the bacteria found in sewage. It has been proven that MFC can reduce the amount of bacteria present in wastewater by 80% (Liu 2004). The waste water is initially pre-treated to remove the toxins and non- biodegradable materials from the water. This process is deemed challenging as sewage water can be extremely toxic and polluted undergoes extensive treatment before MFC can be used to clean the water. High operational sustainability and low material costs are important characteristics for treating wastewater efficiently (Wang et. Al 2012) Sea Water Desalination Microbial Fuel Cells are capable of producing energy but at the level where we can remove salt from large amount of water. However, there is potential for such process to be accomplished, by using an adapted microbial fuel cell would make desalination of sea water possible without external electrical sources [5]. Researchers tested the process of desalination by using a desalination microbial fuel cell. This is quite different to the previous fuel cells mentioned as there is a third chamber present for the salt water in between the two electrodes. The process occurs with the positive and negative ions being attracted to the perspective electrodes as the proton electron membrane removes the salt from the water leaving it fresh. Scientists recorded that salt removal was up to 90% efficient however, higher removal efficiencies are needed to produce grade A drinking water [5]. Figure 5: Desalination microbial fuel cells Hydrogen Production With the help of a Microbial fuel cell, hydrogen can be produced. This process does require an external source of power to convert the bacteria into carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas (JD Coates). Protons are released by the anodic reaction and pass through the PEM towards the cathode, this then combines with oxygen to form water. Hydrogen created from the electrons and protons produced by the microorganisms metabolizing in a MFC can be dangerous temperature wise (Liu et al). Power source-The whole idea behind the development and advancement of microbial fuel cell technologies was mainly based on providing cheap, accessible power to remote regions of in the world like villages in Africa, where majority of the population lives without the luxury of electricity (Doty, 2008). The use of homemade Microbial Fuel Cell in Africa is very new, tests are being done with manure and dirt which would be beneficial for populations in rural areas where this can be as affordable as possible. The electrical current produced by a simple homemade MFC is enough to recharge a cell phone battery, an important communication and lighting tool to rural African communities. Efforts are being made to create MFCs that can be constructed from simple items that can be easily acquired. Materials such as soil, manure, copper wire, buckets, and graphite cloth are essential in creating a simple MFC. Conclusion Microbial fuel cells have created a promising future for human beings and the planet we live on. The research done so far and with the applications that we have currently will help aid the reduction of our need to use fossil fuels and allow us to gain energy from wastes products, bacteria ridden water, enable us to use previously salted water to drink, farm with, this will greatly benefit 3rd world countries and areas plagued with drought and provide electricity to places that do not have any. Scientists are not able to utilise MFC technology to change the world in a day but are working on ways to help make a change bit by bit. Microbial fuel cells will never could produce enough electricity to make coal-fired power plants a thing of the past but however it does have to availability to help us utilise it less hence making the world a safer place to live References Antonopoulo, G., Bebelis, S., Lyberatos, G., Stamatelatou, K. 2010. Electricity generation from synthetic substrates and cheese whey using a two-chamber microbial fuel cell. Journal of Biochemical Engineering, 50, 10-15 (article) Coates J. D. Wrighton K. Microbial Fuel Cells: Plug-in and Power-on Microbiology. Microbe Magazine, 2009. [Accessed 9th March 2017]. Dillow. C. Microbial Fuel Cell Cleans Wastewater, Desalinates Seawater, and Generates Power. Popular Science. Online: http://www.popsci.coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹m/scitech/article/20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹09-08/microbial-fuelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-cell-cleans-wastewaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ter-desalinates-seawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ater-and-generates-pà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ower, Sept. 26, 2009. [Accessed 25th, Feb. 2017]. Doty, C. For Africa, energy from dirt' New York Times, Oct. 11, 2008. [Accessed 8th, March 2017]. MURI Public Outreach: How Does an MFC Work? MURI: Microbial Fuel Cell Project. Internet: http://mfc-muri.usc.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹edu/public/how.htm. [9th March 2017]. Modified Microbial Fuel Cell Produces Electricity and Desalinates Water. FuelCellsWorks: Leader in the Fuel Cell Industry. Internet: http://fuelcellsworkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹s.com/news/2009/08/0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹9/modified-a-microbià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹al-fuel-cell-produceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹s-electricity-and-deà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹salinates-water/, Aug. 9, 2009. [Accessed19th, Feb. 2017]. Junyeong et al. 2009.Floating-Type Microbial Fuel Cell (FT-MFC) for Treating Organic-Contaminatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ Water. Environmental Science and Technology 43.5: 642-647. Zhuwei Du, Haoran Li, Tingyue Gu, A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy, 10 May 2007, Biotechnology Advances 25 (2007) 464-482, Available from http://132.235.17.4/Paper-gu/MFCreview.pdf Rahimnejad, M. Najafpour, G. Ghoreyshi, A. A. 2011. Effects of Mass transfer on performance of microbial fuel cell intech, 5, 233-250 Rahimnejad M, Najafpour G, Ghoreyshi A. A. 2011.The enhancement of a microbial fuel cell for electrical output using mediators and oxidising agents. Energy source., 33, 2239-2248 Wang. Y. P. et. Al .2012. A microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor integrated system for cost-effective wastewater treatment. Applied energy, 98 230-235 Liu H, Grot S, Logan BE, 2005c. Electrochemically assisted microbial production of hydrogen from acetate. Environmental Science Technology:4317-20 Picture reference Figure 1: CCU Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory http://www.eq.ccu.edu.tw/lab/lab111/public_html/06_en.html Figure 2: Frederick High School 2014. http://2014hs.igem.org/Team:FHS_Frederick_MD/Microbial_Fuel_Cells Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Stubbs, J. 2014. Bio-cathodes: powering towards clean water, energy and biomass production http://blogs.rsc.org/em/2014/01/23/bio-cathodes-powering-towards-clean-water-energy-and-biomass-production/

Porter five forces Essay

Content 1. Introduction 2. Explanation of the Porter Model 3. Porters five forces Automobile industry 4. Conclusion and weaknesses 1. Introduction Audi History It all began with August Horch, one of Germany’s pioneering personalities automobile engineers. He set up business on his own in 1899, establishing Horch & Cie. Motorwagen Werke in Cologne on November 14 of that year. August Horch left the company in 1909 and immediately established a second car company in Zwickau. Because his surname was already in use and was protected by trademark, he chose its Latin translation for the new company. So â€Å"horch!† – or â€Å"hark† – became â€Å"audi!†. The Audi brand established a tradition of sporting achievement from the very outset. Thanks to his victorious involvement in the Austrian Alpine Runs between 1911 and 1914, August Horch succeeded in making Audi internationally known within just a few years. The Audi four-ring emblem symbolises the merger in 1932 of four previously independent motor-vehicle manufacturers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. In 1969 Auto Union GmbH amalgamated with NSU Motorenwerke AG. [1] Audi Financial situation The revenue in 2013 is 49,880 ERU million, which is higher than that in 2012(48,711 ERU million). Operating income in 2013 is 1,952 ERU million, which is also higher than 2012. With 1,575,480 Audi vehicles sold over the course of the past fiscal year (2013), the volume target of 1.5 million deliveries originally envisaged for 2015waseasilly Exceeded, two years ahead of schedule. [2] The reason I choose to analyze porter five forces of Audi, because I like the appearance of Audi SUV Q5 and Q7. And I deserve to own my car in the few years when I have enough money. Thus, for me, it has some help that I have the knowledge of the background. 2. Explanation of the Porter Model Porter five forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. It draws upon industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness in this context refers to the overall industry profitability. An â€Å"unattractive† industry is one in which the combination of these five forces acts to drive down overall profitability. A very unattractive industry would be one approaching â€Å"pure competition†, in which available profits for all firms are driven to normal profit. This analysis is associated with its principal innovator Michael E. Porter of Harvard University (as of 2014). 3. Porters five forces Automobile industry Barriers to Entry Capital requirements The amount of capital required to start a car company is enormous. For the average person, they can’t come along and start manufacturing automobiles. As to build an auto firm, they need many factors like the site, labor and the support of technology, which be obtain by capital. Thus, the capital is the biggest factor for the creation of auto firm. Technology Technology also is an import factor to build the auto firm. It is complicated not only for the auto firm itself, also for the parts suppliers. As we know, production of the cars can’t complete by the auto firm, which has significant influence by the automotive suppliers. Meanwhile, ideas and technology that provides competitive advantage over others when patented, preventing others from using it and thus creates barrier to entry. Competition There are already significant well established competitors. Globalization the tendency of world investment and businesses to move from national and domestic markets to a worldwide environment, is a huge factor affecting the auto market. Thus, many auto firms are able to compete with the others from domestic markets to the world. Competition will become more violent than the past. Government regulations and policies Although government’s job is to preserve free competitive market, it restricts competition through regulations and restrictions. Thus, government regulations are a big part of barriers for the auto industry. Automobile firms need to observe safety design, emission standards and fuel efficiency by government. And different countries have various policies and restriction on automobile industry for instance Economic Commission of Europe. Marketing a new brand Marketing a new brand can be difficult. Not only distribution costs and marking costs are very expensive, but people cannot easy to accept a new brand especially auto brand. People will be worried on the performance and safety of cars. For this reason, marking a new brand is a barrier to entry automobile industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers For automotive suppliers, there are two different situations which due to different bargaining power. Firstly, some strong suppliers (e.g. BOSCH, DENSO) have big discourse power to auto companies and the market, as they supply many products for a number of auto companies (not only Audi). The suppliers have more market share than the others and much revenue. And the products of the suppliers have patents and are not able to replace through changing the suppliers. If there are few suppliers providing material essential to make a product then they can set the price high to capture more profit. Powerful suppliers can squeeze industry profitability to great extend. Thus, auto companies are vulnerable to the suppliers. Secondly, some suppliers are often small and medium size, whereas car companies are large and globalized. Many suppliers are dependent on a single car manufacturer, as they just have the capacity of supplying a litter product. Moreover, as  we know, globalization has greatly increased the possibility to lower-cost but suitable suppliers. If an automaker decided to switch suppliers, it could be devastating to the previous supplier’s business. As a result, suppliers are extremely susceptible to the demands and requirements of the automobile manufacturer. For many years, the relationship between assemblers and suppliers has been straightforward. Because each car was designed from scratch and seen by the automaker as a unique product, all investments in solutions and technologies for new models were undertaken by the automaker. Given this market setting, it is easy to conclude from the above discussion that no role existed for the supplier at the development level. At the manufacturing stage, particularly for simpler parts where there was a well-developed market, subcontracting would naturally occur. [3] For this reason, Audi AG has significant power to these suppliers. Bargaining Power of customers For Audi cars, customers may be distinguished by the power of economic function. While consumers are very price sensitive, they don’t have much buying power as they never purchase huge volumes of cars. However, the price is not a main factor for the people who have capacity of buying luxury cars. The customer can freely choose the product that best fits its preferences, status and lifestyle among many. Customers can find many different brands and car models in the market, paying attention to widely differing performance, quality, appearance, pricing, additional features. Customers have substantial power, mainly because of the large variety of luxury brands and product to choose from, and because of the presence of substitutes. The presence of many substitutes to luxury cars enhances significantly the bargaining power of potential customers. Buyers have the power to demand lower price or higher product quality from industry producers when their bargaining power is strong. [4] On the other hand, it is positive to help the auto firms develop and promote themselves. Threat of substitute products Substitute products have two different types. Other types of transport can fulfil the commuting of demand, such as motorbikes, bicycles, public transportation systems, planes. To personal considerations, people will find substitute products. Jogging and bicycle can give people a healthy  lifestyle, while protects environment by choosing transport. While we analyze porter five forces of Audi, we should consider not only other types of transport for substitute products, also concern cars themselves. As customers choose cars of other brands in the marker, which replaces the cars of Audi. If we consider the problems which use other brands to substitute the Audi, we will find the relativity between bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry. With increasing number of substitute products, bargaining power of customers and competitive rivalry will become increase at the same time. For Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz are the most obvious substitutes in the market of mid-luxury cars. Or either higher-end cars which ultra-luxury brands (such as Ferrari, Lamborghini, Rolls Royce, Bentley)and the other end of the spectrum, less expensive cars from non-luxury brands (such as Toyota, Ford, Fiat, GM) are able to participate in the competition. Actually, the distinction between luxury cars and non-luxury cars itself is rather blurred sometimes. Pressure of the bad economic climate induces customers to choose less expensive cars, as their income decreases and expectations on the future worsen. Thus, threat of substitute products change with demand of our lives and the situation of economy. Competitive rivalry The rivalry between companies is rather intense, especially between the three global leaders: Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz. It is not simple that three companies have competitive rivalry. Because trends that are not radical that you lose touch with the market, but that go far enough that the market is prepared to follow. [2] It means a little mistake will make the auto firms lose its market. The three companies explicitly recognize each other as competitors, and their public statements and advertising campaigns make provocative comparison between the cars as to performance and innovativeness. Technological innovation is one of the fields of fiercer competition, as each of them claims to be technological leader in the industry. As previously said, substitute products will intensify competitive rivalry. With the development of Asian market, there are new luxury brands taking part in competition, such as Lexus, Infiniti and Acura. As we can see, competitive rivalry will be more intense t hat the past. Audi weaknesses Audi is clearly aiming to be a leader in automotive sustainability and is therefore stronger for it. Investment into production and vehicle technology can only increase the carmaker’s potential to become carbon-neutral. Investment into new technology could also be the cause for Audi’s biggest weakness: its cars’ reliability issues. Fitting complex electronic systems to every single one of its new cars, Audi has received a poor rating in many aspects of reliability. [5] The other weakness is about design language of cars of Audi. For the normal people who are not really into cars, they can’t really point out the differences between the A4 and the A6. Therefore, Audi need to make their productions diversified. In Audi annual report 2013, trends that are not radical that you lose touch with the market, but that go far enough that the market is prepared to follow.[2] Thus, Audi need to find a balance between trends, technology and design. Conclusion For the average person, they can’t come along and start manufacturing automobiles. The barriers are so high to the average person. Of course, Audi is not worried about barriers to entry. For Audi, bargaining power of suppliers are mutative depend on different suppliers, but overall bargaining power of suppliers at low position. As the suppliers and automotive firms they support each other. Then when we focus on bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry, there is an interesting phenomenon. As previously said, if we consider the problems which use other brands to substitute the Audi, we will find the relativity between bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry. Thus, when people find they have many substitute products to Audi cars, bargaining power of customers, threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry are high. Auto industry has many barriers and violent competition rivalry which not be limited in mid-luxury cars market. Meanwhile, there are many difficulties and challenges, as the situation of global economy is not well that the past. However, with appearing the burgeoning Asian market, such as China and India, auto industry has many chances to develop themselves or walking away from  difficulties. Reference [1] Audi History (n.d.) [online], available: http://www.audi.com/corporate/en/company/history/videos.html [accessed 18 May 2014]. [2] Audi Annual Report 2013 (n.d.) [online], available: http://www.audi-reports.com/ar2013/ [accessed 18 May 2014]. [3] Fixson, S. (2010) ‘Make–Buy Decisions in the Auto Industry: New Perspectives on the Role of the Supplier as an Innovator ’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, pp. 239–257. [4] Porter’s five forces model (2013) Porter’s Five Forces [online], available: http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/porters-five-forces.html [accessed 21 May 2014]. [5] Sam Sheehan (2014) The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Audi [online], available: http://auto2014.wordpress.com/2014/01/11/the-strengths-and-weaknesses-of-audi/ [accessed 19 May 2014].

Audit report

During the stock count e observe the following weaknesses and ascertain the risks associated with them and developed following suggestions to develop controls to address these weaknesses. The details of these are as follows: 1 . Excessive Accessories stocks found as compared to system report. Observations:- During the audit we observe that some of stock physically available is in excess as compared to the stock as per stock report. For details of these please, see annex â€Å"A†. Later on discussion with store uncharged Mr..Adele it came to know that, this problem occurred due to stock shifting, adjusting stock report, bulk quantity counting of stock really with routine activities etc. Some Grins and store issues are also not properly posted in time, that is why this issue raise. Recommendations:- The posting issue should not have any excuse; store team should manage their time to post all types of documents in system to update the stock report. It is also recommended that sto re team should adopt the policy of efficiency instead of effectiveness. 2.Less quantity of stocks found physically as compared to Accessories stock report. Observations:- We observed that some stocks in actual are less as compare to reported quantity. For details of these, please see annex â€Å"B†. Recommendations:- It is recommended to post issuance in system carefully and posting of issuance should be checked on daily basis. We recommended that the issuance book should be systematized and in new software this document will move as prepared by, approved by and deliver by and finally system post this issue automatically. 3. Stock not found physically but mentioned in stock report.Observations:- During the audit we observed some quantity of stock not physically in store as compared with stock report. For details of these please see annex â€Å"C† Later on discussion with store uncharged it came to know that due to the shifting of store items o new place and some issuan ce are also not posted/misplaced, that's why these items showing in report. It is recommended that all issuance should be posted timely in software on daily basis, the items which are not physically exist should be located in report and adjust the report as per the actual conditions to maintain the proper stock report.To resolve this problem the store team should get the approval of management, and after approval they have to adjust the stock accordingly. 4. Items not in report but physically exist During the course of audit it was found that some of the items are physically exist in he store but there is no record of these in the accessory report. For details of these please, see annex â€Å"D†. Recommendations:- It is recommended that store issue returns must be recognized when received at store.Proper record and physical stock must be kept by the store team. 5. Old Stock found in store During the course of audit it was found that lot of space was covered by old stock this stock is not in use since more than 2 year as per information given by the store team these items include: Inlay card Poly bag Buttons For details of these please, see annex â€Å"E†. It is recommended that time period should be defined after which certain item will be considered a part of dead stock.By doing this, dead stock will be separated from old stock. After this, dead stock should be sold at reasonable price and old stock should be properly placed at certain area with label of old stock and should not be mixed with fresh stock. When this old stock will not be used for a certain defined time period, it should be classified as dead stock and be sold as well. 6. Placement and Item codes It is observed that some items such as LABEL and THREAD are placed in different parts in a few boxes. . Thread of one shade found in different boxes and in different places and some of poly bags have no item codes. For details of these please, see annex â€Å"F†. Recommendations:- It is recommended that every item in store must be placed at single place so that these can be easily accessible. Secondly item codes must be mentioned on the items properly. 7. Practice of Safety Stock not adopted It was found during our audit that concept of safety stock was not being considered by the store management.The different routine items like stationary, kitchen items, some stitching general items like needles, commonly use thread and stitching aching spare parts etc. Don't have any safety stock formula, and this problem can stuck the flow of work. It is recommended that store team should be provided with all information about crucial items of different departments which may cause disturbance in the flow of work. Store should have a safety stock of all such items so that these could be used in case of emergency shortage.By doing this smooth running of flow work can be ensured. They should also consult with management in this regards. 8. Tagging and dust issues It is obser ved that some of the items are not properly tagged and there is dust on the teems also. This type of issues create risk like decrease in the value of stock it may also create delay problem for production if the things are not properly tagged and placed. Recommendations:- It is suggested that all the items with proper identification should be at specific place and should cover properly.Proper posting in software will be helpful to maintain the record. 10. Goods directly issued to department without any knowledge of store During the course of our audit it is observed that, some required items are issued directly to the department from where the items are demanded and all the paper work (documents) starts after this, and the store team prepares GRIN after receiving he store issue requisition and ZIP from the department.Recommendations:- It is recommended that if there is any item require urgently in any department and they purchase this on emergency basis, then this item should come fi rst in store and issued from store as well ,and then store uncharged will prepare the GRIN after receiving the documents. By doing this there will be no ambiguity in record and all the items will come into the knowledge of store uncharged. 11. No record for items under RSI. 500. Observation:- It is observed that the items purchased which having value less than 500 rupees have no record in the store.

Boundaries in Marriage. - Theory Critique Essay - 1351 Words

Theory Critique: Cloud and Townsend Theory Critique: Cloud and Townsend Sam and Diane have been married for a few years now and, everything was so perfect in the beginning. There was nothing but plenty of love and romance. Even still, Sam had become more and more demanding of his wife until at a certain point he began demanding robotic perfection of his spouse. It took a few years, but Diane became more and more fed up. She became more and more hypersensitive and hyper-vigilant to anything that Sam said to her so that now, even the slightest criticism would enrage her against Sam which would cause her to remain angered for 24 hours at a time. However, she could not help herself. Her nerves were at their end and did not know any†¦show more content†¦Secondly, the authors explain what the book is not. Cloud and Townsend (1999) emphasize and recognize that their book in not meant to help a spouse grow up. â€Å"Boundaries in Marriage is not about fixing, changing, or punishing your mate,† (p.11). They are clear that the solution is about be ing in control of oneself and taking ownership in one’s life. In Diane’s case, by being able to be in control would allow her to take ownership of her life, protect her own feelings, and protect her spouse in a way that does not promote enabling. Body of Boundaries in Marriage Any ordinary and civilized couple may enter into holy matrimony with the great intentions, but as the marriage goes on, it can get more and more strange. By virtue of merely having ordinary human emotions and motivations, boundaries can be broken. Moreover, complications can occur based on a person’s past. As Wilson’s (2001) message and as the title Hurt People Hurt People implies, those who have been hurt are likely to hurt others. Thus, there is the connection of childhood trauma. Those who have been a part of the never-ending cycle of pain, hurt, and brokenness amongst generation after generation are likely to continue this cycle and are also the ones likely to violate boundaries of marriage. Boundaries that break down in a marriage are a very good predictor of a marriage that will break down,Show MoreRelatedA Critique of Cloud and Townsend1359 Words   |  6 PagesA Critique of Cloud and Townsend A Critique of: Boundaries in Marriage by Dr. Henry Cloud and Dr. John Townsend       In their book, Boundaries in Marriage, the authors, Cloud and Townsend, present a theoretical model for maintaining healthy relationships, specifically marriage relationships. This examination of Cloud and Townsend’s approach to maintaining healthy relationships summarizes both the theoretical and theological orientation of their proposed model, compares their approach to theRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Psychoanalytic Theories1720 Words   |  7 Pagesappendix, being able to learn about several theories and having Worthington discuss the conflicts with these theories, What I found is that I agreed with most of the theories and when I read the critique I was able to understand the flaws and how they may not be entirely accurate. This has opened my mind to wanting to explore more about these theories so that I am able to be aware of several theories to possible use as I practice. Worthington discussed theories of psychoanalytic, systems, behavioral,Read MoreTheor y Critique: Cloud and Townsend1533 Words   |  7 Pages Theory Critique: Cloud and Townsend B. J. Liberty University Theory Critique: Cloud and Townsend Summary Dr. Cloud and Dr. Townsend (1999) have created a comprehensive work titled Boundaries in Marriage. In this book they have outlined what boundaries are and what can be done to create healthy boundaries within a marriage. First, let’s look at the definition of boundaries. Cloud Townsend (1999) define this as â€Å"a property line† (p. 17). In other words in a marriage it is aRead MoreEssay on Feminism and Modern Feminist Theory1068 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism is a body of social theory and political movement primarily based on and motivated by the experiences of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political activism campaigns on issues such asRead MoreThe Limitations Of Frye s Green World 1729 Words   |  7 PagesTwelfth Night adheres to Frye’s theory to some extent. The old world, one of repression, is conveyed through the puritanical beliefs of Malvolio; the green world is conveyed through the theories of disguise and confusion; and a new world is established through the restoration of order and the marriages in Act 5. However, the continuous adherence to the old world through Malvolio and a lack of clear structure when transgressing the worlds limits the extent of Frye’s theory. The flexible structure is perhapsRead MoreWomen s Roles Of Reproduction1466 Words   |  6 Pagesdomestic sphere constituted an economy and class of its own. This was based on the role of motherhood and unpaid work at home. Millett (1969) conten ded in Sexual Politics for the existence of women’s sexuality that was detached from the motherhood and marriage obligations. Conversely, other lesbian authors such as Audre Lorde and Adrienne Rich utilized writing, speeches, and poetry in linking women’s oppression and heterosexuality. These rhetoricians asserted that heterosexuality is an unavoidable institutionRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1243 Words   |  5 Pagescensure for its blatant lack of morality; regardless, Wilde’s exclusive novel is revered by contemporary critics who have deemed it a sensational classic. In that same year, Wilde assembled a cluster of essays nomenclatured Intentions promoting the theories of aestheticism. However, with the prevalent success of his first play, Lady Windermeres Fan, Wilde sought playwriting as his fundamental literary style. Producing several clever satiric comedies that maintained dark and profound nuances, Wilde’sRead More The Imp ortance of Being More Than Earnest Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesfor social change. The Importance of Being Earnest was written during the late period of the Victorian era. During this period social classification was taken very seriously. It could affect working and living conditions, education, religion, and marriage. Wilde explores the issues of social class and turns it into a comedic play. He humorously criticizes Victorian manners and attacking the society of the luxurious life. The audience becomes self-aware as the characters reflect on themselves. PlaysRead MoreA Very Short Introduction By Jonathan Culler1279 Words   |  6 PagesIn Literary Criticism A Very Short Introduction, author Jonathan Culler writes on feminist theory: on the one hand, feminist theorists champion the identity of women, demand rights for women, and promote women’s writings as representations of the experience of women. On the other hand, feminists undertake a theoretical critique of the heterosexual matrix that organizes identities and cultures in terms of the opposition between man and woman (Culler 140). These two approaches, championing and critiquingRead MoreSociolotical Analysis of Fashion Essay example1263 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals through their socialization which has the ability to influence ones decision making. These concepts bring us to Bourdieu’s theory of ‘fields’ which are the several spaces where levels of social status are organized and reproduced through different forms of capital. One’s level of status within a field is dependent upon the amount of capital they own. Bourdieu’s theories exist in various societies and have become essential in exposing once social status within the world of fashion. London Fashion